Bibliographic references

Académie internationale d'héraldique, AIH, «Vocabulaire-Atlas Héraldique en six Langues: Francais - English - Deutsch - Español - Italiano - Nederlandsch», by Gaston Stalins, Le Baron Stalins, with the collaboration of René Le Juge De Segrais, Ottfried Neubecker, Martin de Riquer y Morera, Giacomo Carlo Bascapé, and Mario Gorino-Causa, 119 pages, 530 black and white heraldic pictures, Société du Grand Armorial de France, 179 Boulevard Haussmann, París, 1952.

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This book begins with the following sentence: «Heraldique - science et art - qui prit naissance en France vers la moitié du XIIe siècle, s'est propagée très rapidement dans les principaux pays européens».

The number of terms and words of the heraldry by languages is as follows:

• French language: 523 heraldic terms.
• Dutch language: 521 heraldic terms.
• German language: 519 heraldic terms.
• Spanish language: 511 heraldic terms.
• Italian language: 506 heraldic terms.
• English language: 502 heraldic terms.

The names of the authors and collaborators have been checked with [Académie internationale d'héraldique; 1999].

Its 530 heraldic illustrations correspond, according to my calculations to 509 drawings, numbered from 1 to 530. Some images contain several numbers, for example, the image that shows a coat of arms with its mantling, number 528, and its supporters, number 529, a griffin and a lion rampant, it is the same illustation, but with 2 numbers.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Dictionary, French language, English language, German language, Castilian language, Italian language and Dutch language.

Authors:

• Stalins, Gaston.
• Le Juge De Segrais, René.
• Neubecker, Ottfried.
• Riquer y Morera, Martin de.
• Bascapé, Giacomo Carlo.
• Gorino-Causa, Mario.

The following articles cite this bibliographic reference:

• Ixai Lanzagorta Ochoa, plain tincture
• Sanz Lacorte, J.; 2007
• Sir Thomas Grenville II
• Val'Quirico, wreath an owl

External resource:

• Heraldic glosary 1952.

Internal resources: Aih1952.00.Vocabulaire.Original.pdf, Aih1952.01.Vocabulaire.Sefidn.pdf and Paper edition with a Swedish bookplate.

Académie internationale d'héraldique, AIH, «Mémorial du Jubilé, 1949-1999», 201 páginas, 1999.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Report and French language.

Author: Académie internationale d'héraldique.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Académie internationale d'héraldique; 1952

External resource:

• Report of the International Academy of Heraldry, 1949-1999.

Internal resources: Aih1999.Memorial.pdf.

Arthur Adams, PhD, F. S. A., «Cheshire Visitation Pedigrees, 1663», 141 pages, edited by J. Whitehead and Son Limited, series Publications of the Harleian Society, volume 93, London, 1941.

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This book includes some illustrations, but in black and white. The coat of arms that illustrates this bibliographic reference is a color interpretation of one of those recorded in this book, based on the recreations by Martin S. J. Goldstraw. It specifically corresponds to the coat of arms of Allen de Brindley, with the difference that here its crest is not included.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Author: Adams, Arthur.

Adrian Ailes, «The Origins of the Royal Arms of England: Their Development to 1199», foreword by Rodney Dennys, includes 27 black and white illustrations, Graduate Centre for Medieval Studies, Reading University, 126 pages, ISBN 07-049077-6-3, Reading, Berkshire, 1982.

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An article reviewing this book is: Brigitte Bedos Rezak, Archives nationales de Paris and Metropolitan Museum of Art, «The Origins of the Royal Arms of England, their Development to 1199 by Adrian Ailes», Speculum, volume 60, number 2, pages 373-376, Medieval Academy of America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April of 1985.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Author: Ailes, Adrian.

External resource:

• Google Books.

Aix-en-Provence, «Délibérations municipales d'Aix-en-Provence», Archives Municipales; key BB 28, 1351

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Bibliographical reference of century XIV.

Classification: Manuscript and Latin language.

Author: Aix-en-Provence.

External resource:

• Aix-en-Provence, Archives Municipales.

Alfonso X of Castile, The Wise, «The Seven-Part Code», its estimated completion year is 1265.

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This is the copy I can consult, as it is available in the Hispanic Digital Library, it is a manuscript measuring 42 by 30 centimeters that once belonged to Álvaro de Zúñiga y Guzmán, first Duke of Arévalo, which later came into the possession of the Catholic Monarchs, initially Queen Isabella I of Castile, and after her death, King Ferdinand reclaimed it for the price of 5,251 maravedis. The original is housed in the National Library, in display case 4/6.

This copy, in addition to its numerous capital letters, has 8 illustrated pages, which according to its subsequent hand-numbering in pencil are:

• Page 6, among its illustrations can be seen 2 coats of arms of the Zúñiga family «Argent, a bend Sable, over all, a chain in orle Or», in this case formed by 16 links, 8 round and 8 more elongated placed in profile.
• Pages 106 and 191, on the latter can be seen a curious bishop-lizard climbing.
• Pages 294 and 331, on the 2^nd at the bottom, a maiden is seen walking a monkey to relieve itself and to her right a fight of men with beast bodies.
• Page 379 and on its previous unnumbered page, and finally, on page 415 which begins with a tournament where the 2^nd knight bears the ancient arms of France «Azure, semy of fleurs de lis Or».

The coat of arms that illustrates this bibliographic reference is that of Álvaro de Zúñiga y Guzmán. For the creation of his chain, I followed the illustration of his 2 coats of arms on the already mentioned page 6 of this manuscript.

It is one of my favorite manuscripts and, perhaps, the one with which I have created the most things.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIII.

Classification: Castilian language, Manuscript and In color.

The author is Alfonso X of Castile.

External links:

• National Library of Spain.
• Indirect access to the Library of Congress of the United States of America.
• Direct access to the Library of Congress of the United States of America.

Internal resources: AlfonsoXDeCastilla1265.7Partidas.10642.pdf.

José María Alonso Gamo, «Cayo Valerio Catulo: Poesías Completas», Volume I Complete Works of Alonso Gamo, edited by AACHE Ediciones de Guadalajara, 385 pages, ISBN 84-96236-15-3, Legal Deposit GU. 202/2004, Guadalajara, 2004.

The initial pages explain the author's devotion to Catullus and present the complete works of José María Alonso Gamo. From page 15 to 134, it studies Catullus and his poetic work. From page 137 to 335, it presents his poems in Latin and their translation by José María Alonso Gamo. From page 337 to 382, the bibliography on Catullus. This publication is made 10 years after the death of José María Alonso Gamo in 1993, by his express wish.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

The author is Alonso Gamo, José María.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Catullus, C. V.; Century I B.C.

External links:

• Google Books: Poesías Completas.
• Google Books: Catulo Amat Victoria Curam.

Anonymous, «Armerías de España», 124 double pages, title in the page 9, provenance Duke of Osuna and Infantado, 1800.

Content

The book has no index and its content, written by hand, is as follows:

• Pages 1 through 8 are blank.
• On page 9, title, the letter A begins and surnames Abarca, Abendaño, Abeo, Ablitas and Abrego in large handwritten and the blazon in small handwritten (except for the end of the book on page 123, the unknown author seems to write more about surnames than about lineages).
• On page 10, the surnames with the letter A continue and their blazon both in small handwritten.
• On page 23, the letter B begins, its surnames and their blazons, for example, the Barrasas, in the page 25, «Or, six Lions proper, combatant».
• On page 30, the letter C begins, it is followed by the letter Z on page 42, 29 surnames with Z was written before the letter D and Cocas and Cuacas, with the letter C, are inserted inside the letter Z.
• It follows in alphabetical order of surnames from page 46, where the letter D begins, to page 97 with the letter S, including in the S the surname Sánchez on page 99, as a lineage will be included at the end of the book, and it follows with the letter S until the page 104.
• On page 105 the letter T begins, surname Tabixas, Taboadas, Tafuxes, ...
• On page 109 jump from the letter T to the letter V, with the surnames Vacas, Vadillos,... and skipping the letter U.
• On page 119, it returns from letter V to U, in an unordered manner and without including the title with the capital letter U.
• On page 120, begins the letter X and also the letter Y.
• On page 122, the letter Z and only 3 additional surnames with Z, recall that the majority of the surnames with Z were included after the letter C.
• On page 123 he returns to the surname Sánchez by testimony of Pedro de Soto owner of the books of Armory of Spain of Andreas Heredia, King of Arms, and finally the unknown author copies the text for the surname Sánchez, those who were «hijosdalgos, en Cangas de Gobadonga» ~ Covadonga of Asturias and ends with a poem of 8 verses. Andreas Heredia, also known as Andrés Heredia, was King of Arms during the reign of Philip III of Spain, [Nieto y Cortadellas, R.; 1957a; Page 4]
• Beginning on page 124 are blank.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVIII.

Classification: Manuscript, Armorial roll, In black and white and Castilian language.

The author is unknown.

External links:

• Detail of this Armorial in the National Library of Spain.
• Bibliographic record of the National Library of Spain.
• Scanned Armorial in the National Library of Spain.

Internal resources: Osuna1800.ArmeriaEspaña.Manuscrito.pdf.

Fernando del Arco y García, «Introducción a la Heráldica», 142 pages, Collection Burgundy Pursuivant, edited by Prensa y Ediciones Iberoamericanas SL, printed by Gráficas Joma, Legal deposit M-5240, ISBN 84-86568-64-1, Madrid, 22^nd of february of 1996.

In the image, you can see two pages of this book regarding his criteria on the war cry, the motto, and the legend. These criteria do not align with mine, as I follow [Sevilla Gómez, A.; 2000] and describe in Lema, divisa, mote y grito de guerra.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: De bibliotheca, In black and white and Castilian language.

The author is Arco y García, Fernando del.

Internal resources: Physical book on paper.

Fernando del Arco y García, «Método de blasonar», 75 pages, Perseverant Burgundy Collection, edited by Ateneist Group of Vexilological, Heraldic and Genealogical Studies, printed by Gráficas Joma, Legal deposit M. M-5240, ISBN 84-606-2768-3, Madrid, 1996.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: De bibliotheca, In black and white and Castilian language.

Author: Arco y García, Fernando del.

Internal resources: Physical book on paper.

Gonzalo Argote de Molina, «Nobleza de Andalucía», dedicated to King Philip II of Spain, with about 500 coat of arms engraved, printed by Fernando Díaz, Seville, 1588.

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There are other editions, for example, the edition by Francisco López Vizcaíno, 799 pages, Jaen, 1867, or facsimile edition by Riquelme y Vargas Ediciones SL, Jaén, 1991, my copy is the number 1268.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVI.

Classification: De bibliotheca, Castilian language and In black and white.

The author is Argote de Molina, Gonzalo.

External resources:

• Virtual Library of Andalusia, 1867.
• Digital Library Madrid's memory, 1588 edition from page 6 missing cover and initial pages.
• National Library of Spain, bibliographic record, there are 2 copies of the edición of 1588.
• National Library of Spain, edition of 1588, cover of the first copy.
• National Library of Spain, edition of 1588, cover of the second copy, this has more resolution than the previous copy.
• Google Books, the second book and not complete.

Internal resources: ArgoteMolinaG1588.22.NoblezaAndalucia.Madrid.pdf is the edition of the year 1588 in PDF digital format, ArgoteMolinaG1588.23.Bne.Baja.resolucion.R10805.pdf is the edition of the year 1588 in PDF digital format and low resolution, ArgoteMolinaG1588.24.Bne.Alta.resolucion.R26842.pdf is the edition of the year 1588 in PDF digital format and hight resolution, ArgoteMolinaG1588.25.NoblezaAndalucia.1867.pdf is the edition of the year 1866 in PDF digital format for Adobe Reader only and a facsimile edition as a physical book on paper.

The Armorial Register, «International Register of Arms, Volume Three, a Selection of Coats of Arms Conforming to the Laws of Heraldry and Recorded in the Private Register Held by The Armorial Register Limited», 205 pages, Volume 3, Register from 367 to 549, edition supervised by Martin S. J. Goldstraw, edited and published by The Armorial Register, Banff, Aberdeenshire, 2020.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Armorial roll, Black and white and color illustrations and English language.

Author: Armorial Register, The.

Bibliographic reference mentioned in the following articles:

• Antonio Salmeron, The Armorial Register
• Herbert Leo Buffenbarger, The Armorial Register
• John Alan Francis Buffenbarger, The Armorial Register
• Yannick Beuvelet, The Armorial Register

Internal resources: Libro físico.

George J. Armytage and John Paul Rylands, «Pedigrees Made at the Visitation of Cheshire, 1613, taken by Richard Saint George, Esq., Norroy King of Arms and Henry Saint George, Gent., Bluemantle Pursuivant of Arms; and some other contemporary pedigrees», edited by Sir George J. Armytage, Bart., F. S. A. and John Paul Rylands, Esq., F. S. A., published by Mitchell, Hughes & Clark, printed for The Record Society, London, 1909.

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[Goldstraw, M. S. J.; 2013b] is a color recreation of the coats of arms recorded in this book.

The coat of arms that illustrates this bibliographic reference is one of those recorded in this book, which contains only a few illustrations in black and white, and corresponds to the coat of arms of Fitton de Carden, Clutton y Chester.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Authors: Armytage, George J. and Rylands, John Paul.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Goldstraw, M. S. J.; 2013b

Julio de Atienza y Navajas, Baron of the Cobos de Belchite, «Nobiliario Español: Diccionario Heráldico de Apellidos y Títulos», 1^st edition, edited by Aguilar, 1,712 pages, Madrid, 1959.

It is a monumental work that includes a heraldic dictionary and blazons of Spanish lineages and noble titles, along with the history and genealogy of thousands of Spanish families.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Castilian language, In black and white and De bibliotheca.

The author is Atienza y Navajas, Julio de.

José de Avilés e Iturbide, Marquis of Aviles, member of the Supreme Council of War, «Ciencia heroyca, reducida a las leyes heráldicas del blasón: Ilustrada con exemplares de todas las piezas, figuras y ornamentos de que puede componerse un escudo de armas interior y exteriormente, Volume I», dedicated to Juan Bautista de Orendyn of His Majesty's Council, printed by Juan Piferrer of the Ángel's Square, 530 pages, Barcelona, 1725.

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[Avilés, J.; 1780a] is a later edition of this Volume I.

Cadency

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Bibliographical reference of century XVIII.

Classification: In black and white and Castilian language.

Author: Avilés e Iturbide, José.

Here are the articles quoting this reference:

• Adrian V
• Baudry in France
• Bourgeois, lineage of Burgundy
• Criteria used by its title
• Dancetty, ratio, points and blazon
• Innocent IV
• Nhf, Norsk Heraldisk Forening

External resources:

• Valencian Digital Library, records for the Volumes I and II.
• Valencian Digital Library, content of Volume I.

Internal resources: AvilesJ1725.Tomo.I.pdf.

José de Avilés e Iturbide, Marquis of Aviles, member of the Supreme Council of War, «Ciencia heroyca, reducida a las leyes heráldicas del blasón: Ilustrada con exemplares de todas las piezas, figuras y ornamentos de que puede componerse un escudo de armas interior y exteriormente, Volume II», dedicated to Juan Bautista de Orendyn (Juan Bautista de Orendáin y Azpilicueta) of His Majesty's Council, printed by Juan Piferrer of the Ángel's Square, 404 pages, Barcelona, 1725.

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[Avilés, J.; 1780b] is a later edition of this Volume I.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVIII.

Classification: In black and white and Castilian language.

Author: Avilés e Iturbide, José.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Criteria used by its title

External resources:

• Valencian Digital Library, records for the Volumes I and II.
• Valencian Digital Library, content of Volume II.

Internal resources: AvilesJ1725.Tomo.II.pdf.

José de Avilés e Iturbide, Marquis of Aviles, member of the Supreme Council of War, «Ciencia heroyca, reducida a las leyes heráldicas del blasón: Ilustrada con exemplares de todas las piezas, figuras y ornamentos de que puede componerse un escudo de armas interior y exteriormente, Volume I», edition of Joaquín Ibarra, printer of his Majesty's Chamber, at the expense of the Company of Printers and Booksellers of the Kingdom, 526 pages, Madrid, 1780.

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The first edition is [Avilés, J.; 1725a] and this edition is 14 years after the death of José de Avilés, that happened in 1766.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVIII.

Classification: In black and white and Castilian language.

The author is Avilés e Iturbide, José.

The following articles cite this bibliographic reference:

• Adrian V
• Avilés, J.; 1725a
• Bourgeois, lineage of Burgundy
• Dancetty, ratio, points and blazon
• David B. Appleton, slipped and leaved
• Innocent IV
• Nhf, Norsk Heraldisk Forening
• Norsk Heraldisk Forening, coat of arms

External link:

• Google books, Volume I of the year 1780.

José de Avilés e Iturbide, Marquis of Aviles, member of the Supreme Council of War, «Ciencia heroyca, reducida a las leyes heráldicas del blasón: Ilustrada con exemplares de todas las piezas, figuras y ornamentos de que puede componerse un escudo de armas interior y exteriormente, Tomo II», edition of Joaquín Ibarra, printer of his Majesty's Chamber, at the expense of the Company of Printers and Booksellers of the Kingdom, 440 pages, Madrid, 1780.

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The first edition is [Avilés, J.; 1725b] and this edition is 14 years after the death of José de Avilés, that happened in 1766.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVIII.

Classification: In black and white and Castilian language.

The author is Avilés e Iturbide, José.

Here are the articles quoting this reference:

• Alcantara, Order of
• Avilés, J.; 1725b
• Calatrava, Order of
• David B. Appleton, slipped and leaved
• Montesa, Order of
• Order of Alcantara, emblem
• Order of Calatrava, emblem
• Order of Montesa, emblem
• Order of Santiago, emblem
• Santiago, Order of

External link:

• Google books, Volume II of the year 1780.

Tirso de Avilés, continued by Martín de Bolea y Castro, «Roll of arms», 3 volumes, Volume I, coats of arms of kings, princes and grand titles, 208 hand-numbered pages in Roman numerals, Volume II, coats of arms of noble and private titles, 129 hand-numbered pages in Arabic numerals, Volume III, coats of arms of popes, cardinals, archbishops and bishops, 185 hand-numbered pages in Arabic numerals, in the National Library of Spain, signatures Mss/12550 V.1, Mss/12551 V.2 and Mss/12552 V.3, it is estimated from the XVI century.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVI.

Classification: Manuscript, Armorial roll, In color and Castilian language.

The author is Avilés, Tirso de.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

• Portugal

External links:

• Detail of this armorial in the National Library of Spain.
• Bibliographic record of the National Library of Spain.
• Scanned Armorial in the National Library of Spain.

Internal resources: Volume I AvilesTdeXVI.11.Tomo01.pdf, Volume II AvilesTdeXVI.11.Tomo02.pdf and Volume III AvilesTdeXVI.11.Tomo03.pdf.

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Credits: This book belongs to the Biblioteca Nacional de España. License Creative Commons CC-BY. You may share, transform and create from images in the public domain that are accessible in the Hispanic Digital Library.

Krzysztof Bakala, «Historia symboliczna: znakiem, herbem i barwa pisana : podreczny slownik» ~ «Symbolic history: written, emblem and color: handy dictionary», edited by Agencja Wydawnicza Egros, 198 pages, Warsaw, 2010.

Color sobre color

Sable and Purple exception on page 17: «nie pozwala nakladania metalu na metal, a barwy na barwe, za wyjatkiem barwy czarnej i purpurowej.» ~ «does not allow to put metal on metal and color on color, except the color Sable and Purpure»,

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Symbolism and Polish language.

Author: Bakala, Krzysztof.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

• Grzeszkowiak, Tomasz Arkadiusz

External resource:

• Google Books.

Charlotte Becher and Ortwin Gamber, «Die Wappenbücher Herzog Albrechts VI. von Österreich: Ingeram-Codex der ehem, Bibliothek Cotta, Volume 1», editado por Böhlau Verlag Wien, 178 pages, ISBN 3-205-05002-9 y 978-32-05050-02-5, Vienna, Cologne, Graz, 1986.

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Dedicated exclusively to the study and analysis of the armorial [Ingeram, H.; 1459].

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: German language, Manuscript, Armorial roll and In color.

Authors: Becher, Charlotte and Gamber, Ortwin.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Ingeram, H.; 1459

External link:

• Google Books.

Anonymous, «Roll of arms», roll of arms manuscript called Bergshammars, written, emblazoned and edited in Brabant, Burgundian Netherlands, during the years 1440-1456, 493 pages numbered later in pencil, contains coats of arms of several European kingdoms, on page 488 the year 1553 seems to be written, Brabant, ca 1440.

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Bibliographical reference of century XV.

Classification: Armorial roll, Manuscript and In color.

The author is anonymous.

Bibliographic reference mentioned in the following articles:

• Castile and Leon
• Portugal
• Royal arms of Scotland

External links:

• Riksarkivet.se.
• Wappenwiki.org.

Internal resources: Bergshammars1440.33.Video.Manuscript.SchubertSymphony4.mp4 a video lasting 7 minutes and 11 seconds, sound track Symphony No. 4 in C minor, D 417, called Tragic, composed by Franz Schubert in April 1816, when he was 19 years old.

Juan del Bosque, «Libro de Armería del Reino de Navarra», which is currently missing and whose subsequent copy, commissioned in 1572, is kept in the Royal and General Archive of Navarre, estimated year of creation 1540.

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The origin of this armorial dates back to 1527, when the Navarrese Courts requested that the Royal Council and the Chamber of Comptos ~ Chamber of Accounts and Fiscal Control, record in a book the coats of arms of the kingdom of Navarre starting with that of the king of Navarre and the houses and lineages of the so-called «ricoshombres», Almorrabides, Guebara, Aybar, Baztanes, Urroz, Lete, Subiça, Rada, Vidaurre, Qasqante, Monteagudo, and Mauleón, also including the coats of arms of other manors, houses, valleys, towns, and nobles [Valverde Ogallar, P. B.; 2001; page 326].

According to [Martinena Ruiz, J. J.; 1982; page 35] the book was compiled around the year 1540, and this is the date I use for referencing this armorial.

This first manuscript created by Juan del Bosque was taken by the royal visitor Hernán Suárez de Toledo, under the pretext of taking it to Emperor Charles V, despite being requested back by the Navarrese Courts, it was never returned and was definitively lost. The armorial that has come down to us is a recreation commissioned in 1572 [Valverde Ogallar, P. B.; 2001; page 327].

According to [Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, F.; 1974; page 19] the recreation of this armorial was carried out based on certifications, such as those from the herald Azcárraga, and notes and partial copies of the stolen book, like the copy kept in the monastery of Leyre.

Another noteworthy bibliographic reference about this armorial, in addition to those previously mentioned, is [Martinena Ruiz, J. J.; Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, F.; 2001].

The image illustrating this bibliographic reference is the coat of arms of the king of Navarre, which I recreated based on the illustration in this armorial, on its first folio according to the numbering given to it in 1613.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVI.

Author: Bosque, Juan del.

Bibliographic reference mentioned in the following articles:

• Martinena Ruiz, J. J.; 1982
• Martinena Ruiz, J. J.; Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, F.; 2001
• Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, F.; 1974
• Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, F.; 1985
• Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, F.; Martínez de Aguirre, J.; 2000

Gerard J. Brault, professor of French and Medieval Studies at Pennsylvania State University, «Rolls of Arms of Edward I, 1272-1307, Volume I and Volume II», is a set of 2 volumes, 1,104 pages, size 24.4 x 17.2 cm, with 3 color illustrations and 8 black and white illustrations, published by Boydell Press, Aspilogia series, ISBN 9780851156699, Suffolk, United Kingdom, May 1, 1997.

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Another annotated edition exists from February 21, 2008, also published by Boydell Press.

The starting hypothesis of this book is that at the beginning of the second half of the 13th century, the use of coats of arms increased, this increase led to the appearance of the first armorials in which the names of their holders were recorded along with the descriptive blazon of their armory, and painted shields could be included.

From the Middle Ages, about 350 armorials have survived, of which 130 come from England, and they are a unique source for identifying many medieval figures, their titles, and their possessions. This book analyzes 17 of these armorials, such as the so-called [Marshal, L.; 1295; The Lord Marshal's Roll], which includes the coat of arms of William de Colebrand that illustrates this bibliographic reference.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

The author is Brault, Gerard J..

Here are the articles quoting this reference:

• Colebrand, William de
• Marshal, L.; 1295

External link:

• Boydell and Brewer.

Clemente Bravo Guarida, «El Paso Honroso de Don Suero de Quiñones: Célebre Caballero Leonés en el Puente de Órbigo, en 1434», second edition, published by «El Diario de León» to commemorate the fifth centenary of this famous feat of arms, 59 pages, printed by Imprenta Católica, León, 1934.

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This edition, written by Clemente Bravo Guarida, provides an updated account of the famous «Passo Honroso», [Rodríguez de Lena, P.; Century XVI], undertaken by the renowned knight Suero de Quiñones in 1434 at the bridge of Órbigo.

The book includes the full list of the 10 maintainers on page 57, and the 68 challengers, or adventurers, on pages 67 and 68. It also reports the results of the jousts for all participants.

Please note a correction: on page 58, where it reads «Loque de la Torre, corrió 6, rompió 4» it should instead say «Lope de la Torre, corrió 6, rompió 4».

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Castilian language and In black and white.

Author: Bravo Guarida, Clemente.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Rodríguez de Lena, P.; Century XVI

Internal resources: BravoGuaridaC1934.PasoHonroso.Ocr.pdf.

Sir Bernard Burke, C. B., LL. D., Ulster King of Arms, «The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales; Comprising a Registry of Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the Present Time», Harrison, London, 1842.

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Sir Bernard Burke, C. B., LL. D. (1814-1892), also cited as John Bernard Burke, was a British genealogist. He was son of the genealogist John Burke (1787–1848). In 1853, Sir Bernard Burke was appointed Ulster King of Arms.

I use to consult [Burke, B.; 1989] and [Burke, B.; 2009].

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

Classification: In black and white and English language.

Author: Burke, Bernard.

The following articles cite this bibliographic reference:

• Burke, B.; 1989
• Burke, B.; 2009

External resource:

• Burke's Peerage.

Sir Bernard Burke, C. B., LL. D., Ulster King of Arms, «The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales; Comprising a Registry of Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the Present Time», edited by Heraldry Today, printed by Redwoods Books, 1185 pages and an initial supplement with 130 pages, Trowbridge, Wiltshire, 1989.

Its first edition was [Burke, B.; 1842].

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: In black and white and English language.

Author: Burke, Bernard.

The following articles cite this bibliographic reference:

• Ackerson - Akers, lineage
• Ackhurst, lineage
• Aldam, lineage of England
• Burke, B.; 1842

Internal resources: Paper edition.

Sir Bernard Burke, C. B., LL. D., Ulster King of Arms, «The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales; Comprising a Registry of Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the Present Time», Heritage Books, 496 pages, Berwyn Heights, Maryland, 2009.

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In [Burke, B.; 1842] all editions of this book can be consulted.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: In black and white and English language.

Author: Burke, Bernard.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Burke, B.; 1842

External resource:

• Google Books.

John Burke, «A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland: Enjoying Territorial Possessions or High Official Rank; but Uninvested with Heritable Honours», 4 volumes, volume 1 with 726 printed pages, volume 2 with 740 printed pages, volume 3 with 738 printed pages, volume 4 with 805 printed pages, published for Henry Colburn by R. Bentley, Bell and Bradfute, in Edinburgh, and J. Gumming in Dublin, London, 1836.

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Overview

This extensive work spans four volumes, 726 + 740 + 738 + 805 = 2309 pages, and provides a detailed account of the genealogy and heraldry of commoners in Great Britain and Ireland who held territorial possessions or high official ranks, yet were not vested with heritable honors.

Coats of arms and blazons

Each volume contains black and white illustrations of coats of arms, typically including the crest and wreath, with some also featuring supporters. The illustrations do not utilize hatching or tricking for tinctures, the tinctures must be seen in the text of the written blazons. For each lineage, the coat of arms is illustrated at the beginning, followed by a genealogical account, and the blazon is provided at the end. For example, for the Talbot lineage, in the volume 3, page 359-360, the blazon is written as follows: «Arms - Gu. a lion rampant, within a bordure engr. or. Crest - On a chapeau gu. turned up ermine, a lion statant or, the tail extended. Motto - Prest d'accomplir.» where «gu» is Gules and «or» is Or.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

Classification: Armorial roll, English language and In black and white.

Author: Burke, John.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Talbot, lineage of England

External links:

• Archive.org volume 1.
• Archive.org volume 2.
• Archive.org volume 3.
• Archive.org volume 4.

Internal resources: BurkeJ1836.Commoners.Volume.01.pdf 758 pages in PDF format, BurkeJ1836.Commoners.Volume.02.pdf 772 pages in PDF format, BurkeJ1836.Commoners.Volume.03.pdf 762 pages in PDF format and BurkeJ1836.Commoners.Volume.04.pdf 838 pages in PDF format.

Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer (Gustavo Adolfo Domínguez Bastida), «The Mount of the Souls», published for the first time in the newspaper El Contemporáneo, along with 16 more legends, on November 7, 1862.

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It was also edited a year after his death in his book titled «Rhymes and Legends», whose first edition of 1871 was prefaced by Rodríguez Correa and it was initially published in 2 volumes and later in 3 volumes.

The edition used in Blason.es is the one titled «Legends», edited by Ediciones aContracorriente, ISBN 978-84-939129-0-1, Madrid, 2011.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

The author is Bécquer, Gustavo Adolfo.

External link:

• Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer.

Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent, Dean King of Arms, «Fundamentos de Heráldica (Ciencia del Blasón)», Instituto Salazar Castro (C. S. I. C. Higher Center for Scientific Research), edited by Ediciones Hidalguía, 212 pages, Madrid, 1975.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: In black and white.

Author: Cadenas y Vicent, Vicente de.

Bibliographic reference mentioned in the following articles:

• Fernando Marán Bié, The Armorial Register
• Governance heraldry
• Military heraldry
• Personal Heraldry
• Religious heraldry
• Socioeconomic heraldry

External resource:

• Google Books.

Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent, Dean King of Arms, «Repertorio de blasones de la comunidad hispánica», Instituto Salazar Castro (C. S. I. C. Higher Center for Scientific Research), edited by Ediciones Hidalguía, printed by Gráficas Arias Montano, S. A., Móstoles, 2^nd edition, ISBN of the complete work 84-00-06642-1, Legal deposit of the complete work M.31.950-1987, Madrid, 1987.

4 volumes and 1 apendix

• Volume I, contains the surnames that begin with the letters A, B, C & CH, and ISBN of this volume I 84-00-06643-X.
• Volume II, contains the surnames that begin with the letters D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L & LL, and ISBN of this volume II 84-00-06044-8.
• Volume III, contains the surnames that begin with the letters M, N, Ñ, O, P, Q & R, and ISBN of this volume III 84-00-06645-6.
• Volume IV, contains the surnames that begin with the letters S, T, U, V, W, X, Y & Z, and ISBN of this volume IV 84-00-06646-4.
• Apendix I, contains other surnames not included in the previous volumes, and ISBN of this apendix I I 84-00-05912-3.

Example, Uranzu in the volume VI

The volume IV has 454 pages numbered from 1525 to 1979. This is my translation for the 4^th coat of arms of the 5 blazons of surname «Uranzu» described on pages 1,726 and 1,728 of this volume IV (see in the previous image of the original blazon).

Although I am not sure of the reality of this coat of arms, I have made a) in Spanish a simplification and b) its translation in parallel to English. I assume that in the 2^nd flag the Fleurs de lis in triangle are 3 and they are ordered. Although I am not sure of the reality of this busy coat of arms, I can't found a painted version, I have made a) a simplification of its Spanish blazon and b) its translation in parallel to English. I assume that in the 2^nd flag the Fleurs de lis in triangle are 3 and they are ordered. The colors of the text in the images lets an easy reading and show the blazon structure. There are in this coat of arms 1+9+7+5+1 = 23 ships.

Currently the National Institute of Statistics of Spain (I. N. E.), about the surname «Uranzu» answer that «there are no inhabitants with the surname consulted», neither 1^st nor 2^nd surname, «or its frequency is less than 5 for the national total».

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Black and white with color plates.

Author: Cadenas y Vicent, Vicente de.

The following articles cite this bibliographic reference:

• Albero, lineage of Aragon
• Laydin, lineage
• Poumola, lineage of Catalonia

External links:

• Google Books: Volume I.
• Google Books: Volume IV.

Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent, Dean King of Arms, «Diccionario heráldico: Términos, Piezas y Figuras Usadas en la Ciencia del Blasón», Instituto Salazar Castro (C. S. I. C. Higher Center for Scientific Research), edited by Ediciones Hidalguía, 6^th edition with more heraldic terms, 338 pages, Madrid, 2002.

In 1953, the 1^st edition was awarded the Menestrier Prize, from the International Institute of Genealogy and Heraldry.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Author: Cadenas y Vicent, Vicente de.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

• Vilardi, lineage of Italy

External resource:

• Google Books.

Pedro Calvo, notary and alderman of the city of Calatayud, «Libro de cuentas de la ciudad de Calatayud» ~ «Account book of the city of Calatayud», literal title, «Libro dela data fecha por pedro calvo nota^o Regidor dela ciutat de Calatayut enel anyo de mil Quinientos y uno», manuscript restored with cover, back cover and Mudejar style binding, 2 blank pages behind the cover and the back cover, 76 inner pages of 300 x 230 mm, of which 7 could be in white and in even position, 3 in white among the first 20 pages, 1 blank towards the middle of the book and another 3 blank between the last 20 pages, final annotation with the term «cabreo», Calatayud, 1501.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVI.

Classification: Manuscript, In black and white and Castilian language.

The author is Calvo, Pedro.

External resources:

• Documents and archives of Aragon, DARA Medieval, registry of the book and link to the image included here.
• Name of the Latin written after the fall of the Roman Empire and during the Middle Ages.

Internal resources: CalvoP1501.CalatayudDataOriginal.pdf book as a sequence of available pages and CalvoP1501.CalatayudDataPaginado.pdf book recomposed in sequence of odd and even pages, with blank pages inserted to recover lost sequences.

Gaius Valerius Catullus, from 87 to 57 BC or from 87 to 54 BC, «Corpus Catuliano, 116 Poems: Poem number 62, Wedding Hymn in Hexameters», Rome, 1^st Century BC.

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Gaius Valerius Catullus, Poem LVII, beginning

Vesper adest, iuvenes, consurgite: Vesper Olympo
Exspectata diu vix tandem lumina tollit.
Surgere iam tempus, iam pinguis linquere mensas,
Iam veniet virgo, iam dicetur Hymenaeus.
Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee!

Cernitis, innuptae, iuvenes? consurgite contra:
Nimirum Oetaeos ostendit Noctifer ignes.
Sic certest; viden ut perniciter exsiluere?
Non temere exsiluere, canent quod vincere par est.
Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee!

Non facilis nobis, aequales, palma parata est:
Aspicite, innuptae secum ut meditata requirunt.
Non frustra meditantur: habent memorabile quod sit.
Nec mirum, penitus quae tota mente laborant.
Nos alio mentes, alio divisimus aures:
Iure igitur vincemur: amat victoria curam.
Quare nunc animos saltem convertite vestros;
Dicere iam incipient, iam respondere decebit.
Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee!

...

My translation in hendecasyllables

...
They note everything worth remembering and do not practice in vain,
let it not surprise us, for their minds are focused on the work.
But if we distract our ears and scatter our thoughts,
by law they will defeat us, for victory loves those who care.
...

The complete poem can be consulted in Latin and Spanish in [Alonso Gamo, J. M.; 2004; page 242] and in Latin in [Gaio da Legnago, A. del; 1375; reverse of folio 17].

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Bibliographical reference of century I B.C.

The author is Catullus, Gaius Valerius.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

• Kleisner, T.; 2009

External resources:

• The text of Catullus in ASCII was extracted from.
• The edition and punctuation follow that of Google Books.
• Catullus Online: Poems.
• Catullus Online: Edited pages.

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, «El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha», edition with illustrations by Gustavo Doré, engravings by H. Pisan, in 2 volumes, printed by Imprenta y Librería Religiosa y Científica del Heredero de Don Pablo Riera, Robador Street, 24 and 26, Barcelona, 1875.

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Original publication date

The original edition of «El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha» was published in 1605, with the second part released in 1615.

Illustrated edition details

This 1875 edition is notable for its elaborate illustrations by Gustavo Doré, a renowned French artist, and the detailed engravings by H. Pisan. The illustrations add a rich visual element to Cervantes' classic text, making this edition a significant artistic interpretation of the original work.

First Part, Chapter XVIII, excerpt

«—That knight you see over there with the yellow arms», Or, «who bears on his shield a crowned lion, bowed at the feet of a maiden, is the valiant Laurcalco, lord of the Silver Bridge;

the other with the golden flowered arms, who bears on his shield three silver crowns on a blue field, is the feared Micocolembo, grand duke of Quirocia;

the other with giant limbs, who stands to his right hand, is the never fearful Brandabarbarán de Boliche, lord of the three Arabias, who comes armed with that serpent's hide and bears on his shield a door, which, according to legend, is one of the doors of the temple that Samson destroyed when he avenged himself on his enemies with his death.

But turn your eyes to the other side and you will see before and in front of the other army the always victorious and never defeated Timonel of Carcajona, prince of New Biscay, who comes armed with quartered arms, blue, green, white, and yellow, and bears on his shield a golden cat on a tawny field, with an inscription that says «Miau», which is the beginning of his lady's name, who, as they say, is the incomparable Miulina, daughter of the duke Alfeñiquén of Algarve;

the other who presses down the back of that powerful steed, who bears arms as white as snow and a shield white and without any charges, is a novice knight, of French nation, named Pierres Papín, lord of the baronies of Utrique;

the other who strikes the flanks with the iron-shod heels of that painted and swift zebra and bears the blue vair arms, is the powerful duke of Nerbia, Espartafilardo del Bosque, who bears as a charge on his shield an asparagus plant, with an inscription in Castilian that says: «Tracks my fate».

And in this way, he went on naming many knights from one and the other squadron that he imagined, and to each of them, he gave arms, colors, charges, and mottos on the spot, driven by the imagination of his never-before-seen madness, and, without stopping, he continued saying...».

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Bibliographical reference of century XVII.

Classification: Castilian language and In black and white.

Author: Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de.

The following articles cite this bibliographic reference:

• Empresa, conjunto de cargas sobre el campo
• Enterprise, set of charges on the field

Lino Chaparro D'Acosta, «Heráldica de los Apellidos Canarios», foreword by Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent, 2 volumes, Volume I from A to L, 285 surnames, 293 pages, Volume II from M to Z and a heraldic dictionary, 387 surnames, 439 pages, edited by Estudios Tecnicos del Blason, ISBN of the complete work 84-300-2000-4, ISBN of Volume I 84-300-1989-8, ISBN of Volume I II 84-300-418010-8, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 1979.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Black and white with color plates and Castilian language.

The author is Chaparro D'Acosta, Lino.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Lazcano, lineage of the Canary Islands

«Charles's Roll», containing 486 painted coats of arms, it is an English roll of arms dating from c. 1285.

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Charles' Roll, housed in the Society of Antiquaries, London, and cataloged as MS517, is a 15^th-century English roll of arms, originally created around 1285, containing 486 painted coats of arms. The antiquary James Robinson Planché identified «Charles's Roll» as a copy of a mid-13th-century roll, British Library, Harley MS 6589, featuring nearly 700 coats of arms, drawn by Nicholas Charles, Lancaster Herald, in 1607. Charles mentioned that the original roll had been lent to him by the Norroy King of Arms.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIII.

Classification: Armorial roll, Manuscript and In color.

Author: anonymous.

Steen Clemmensen, «The St. Gallen-Haggenberg Armorial: Introduction and Edition», published by www.armorial.dk, 258 pages, Farum, 2012.

This article is based on the manuscript from the St. Gallen Abbey Library, [St. Gallen; 1480] catalog number Cod. Sang. 1084, and includes a comprehensive introduction, analysis of the manuscript, and detailed indexes of the coats of arms and names.

Index

• Introduction and summary.
• Manuscript, authorship, and handicraft.
• Church and dioceses.
• Imaginary arms, Ternionen and Quaternionen.
• Imperial princes.
• German nobles and tournament societies.
• Later inserts.
• Segmentation, members of the Bodensee group, drawing styles, scripting hands.
• Bibliography, Index Armorum, Index Nominorum.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Article, English language and In black and white.

Author: Clemmensen, Steen.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

• St. Gallen; 1480

External resource:

• Steen Clemmensen, Armorial website.

Internal resources: ClemmensenS2012.SanktGallen.pdf This article in PDF format.

Anonymous, «The Cnut Gospels», call number Royal MS 1 D IX, illuminated manuscript, Canterbury, circa 1020.

Contents and history

This manuscript, containing the Four Gospels, dates from the early 11th century. It is believed to have belonged to Christ Church, Canterbury, and may have been created there. It is named after Cnut, King of England, who reigned from 1016 to 1035, due to an added text in Old English that names Cnut and his brother Harold as brothers of the monastery.

Despite its royal associations, the manuscript only entered the Old Royal Library in the early 17^th century, when Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, acquired the library of John, 1^st Baron Lumley.

Decoration and inscription details

The manuscript features full-page decorations at the beginning of each Gospel, with initials illuminated in gold, and lush stylized leaves in the borders, characteristic of late Anglo-Saxon decoration. For example, the border of the Gospel of Mark includes stylized leaves and embedded roundels of saints, and the incipit page for the Gospel of John is particularly notable for its decorated frame and gold initials.

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Bibliographical reference of century XI.

Classification: Manuscript, English language and In color.

Author: anonymous.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• o-XI, heraldic document

Anonymous, «Libro de la Cofradía de Caballeros de Santiago de la Fuente», held by the Brotherhood of Santiago, Burgos Cathedral, manuscript, illustrated, 94 leaves, 21 missing, folio size, 29 x 21 centimeters, Burgos, 1338-1636.

Introduction

The illuminated manuscript chronicles the history and membership of the Brotherhood of Knights of Santiago in Burgos. Founded in 1338 during the reign of King Alfonso XI, as indicated by the preamble to the Rule on folio 27 verso, the Brotherhood was composed of members of the social and political elite of Burgos. The manuscript spans several centuries, primarily from the 14^th to the 17^th century.

The first 13 folios include a record of four deeds dating from 1396 to 1415, all related to the financial dealings of the Brotherhood.

Folio 14 marks the beginning of the original Rule of the Brotherhood, adorned with an illuminated initial «E» and a vignette of Christ flanked by saints and angels.

Portraits and illumination

The manuscript includes a list of the members, known as «cofrades» in Castilian, alongside their portraits and coats of arms. The book contains 295 portraits, added over time, with the last one dated to 1636.

The knights depicted in the manuscript held significant roles in the city, such as mayors, scribes, and other high offices. Many of the knights' families, like the Camargos from France and the Sanchestels from England, are noted for their diverse origins.

The portraits begin on page 21, initially with four to a page until folio 44, after which the number decreases to three, two, and eventually single figures per page.

Binding and preservation

The manuscript is bound in red leather with gold fillets and clasps, a 19^th-century binding aimed at preserving the parchment pages. Originally, it had 94 leaves, but 21 are now missing, as noted in a contemporary annotation at the front.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIV.

Classification: Manuscript, Armorial roll, Castilian language and In color.

Author: anonymous.

Bibliographic reference mentioned in the following articles:

• Alfonso Sánchez de Perella, collage
• Uhagón y Guardamino, F. R.; 1904

Internal resources: 86 images in JPEG format.

José Juan del Col, «Auxiliary Dictionary: Spanish-Latin for Modern Latin Use», Instituto Superior Juan XXIII, edited by Adrian Mandara, composition and layout by Zulma Iglesias and Daniel Cirio, 1250 pages, 23x17 centimeters, ISBN 978-950-9771-34-5, printed in Argentina by Sapienza Industria Gráfica, Undiano 84, Bahía Blanca, 2007.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Dictionary, Castilian language and In black and white.

Author: Col, José Juan del.

Internal resources: ColJJdel2007.LatinDiccionario.pdf PDF format.

D. J. Conway, «Magickal, Mystical Creatures: Invite Their Powers into Your Life», 272 pages, published by Llewellyn Publications, Woodbury, 2018.

Index of fabulous beasts

• Unicorns, page 15, including Ki-Rin, Sin-You, Karkadann, Goat-Unicorns, Winged Sea-Unicorns;
• Flying Horses, page 29, including Pegasus, Winged Sea-Pegasus, Arabian-Burak, Sleipnir, Alsvidr, Arvakr;
• Centaurs, page 39;
• Satyrs and Fauns, page 51, including Jack in the Green, Pan, Urisk;
• Gigantic Birds, in the page 63 the part I begins and in the page 71 the part II begins;
• Human-Birds, page 79, including Garuda, Tengu, Egyptian Ba;
• Griffins, page 89, including Griffin-Demons, Hippogriff, Senmurv, Simurgh;
• Mystical Bulls and Bull-Men, page 99;
• Fabulous Lions, page 105;
• Magical Serpents, page 115;
• Riddling Sphinx, page 131;
• Mad Dogs and Hell Hounds, page 137;
• Water-Folk, page 153;
• Creatures of the Stony Stare, page 183;
• Gargoyles, page 189;
• Other Magical, Mythical Creatures, page 197.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Symbolism, In black and white and English language.

The author is Conway, Deanna D. J..

External link:

• Google Books.

Modesto Costa y Turell, «Tratado completo de la ciencia del blasón, o sea, Código heráldico-histórico; acompañado de una estensa noticia de todas las órdenes de caballería existentes y abolidas», Second edition corrected and augmented, 7 pages of prologue, 554 page, 26 pages with illustrations; size 25 centimeters, published by Libreria Española y Libreria de El Plus Ultra, Madrid, 1858.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

Classification: Castilian language and In black and white.

The author is Costa y Turell, Modesto.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Vichiers, Renaud de

External links:

• Junta de Castilla y León, register.
• Junta de Castilla y León, book in PDF format.

Internal resources: CostaTurellM1858.33.paginas.597.pdf in PDF format for Adobe Reader.

Noel Cox, PhD, Professor of Law at the Auckland University of Technology, «The principles of international law governing the Sovereign authority for the creation and administration of Orders of Chivalry», edited by Rory Stanley, «Féil-Scríbhinn Liam Mhic Alasdair» ~ Essays Presented to Liam Mac Alasdair, Genealogical Society of Ireland, FGSI, pages 15-25, ISBN 9781898471677, Dublin, 2009.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: English language and In black and white.

Author: Cox, Noel.

Internal resources: CoxN2009.SovereignAuthorityOrdersChivalry.pdf PDF Format.

René de Cramer, «Drapeaux, Bannières, Vlaggen en Wimpels», Universal and International Exhibition of Ghent 1913, La Vieille Flandre, published by Société Anonyme Belge d'Imprimerie, Brussels, 1913.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: French language, Dutch language and Black and white with color plates.

Author: Cramer, René de.

Internal resources: CramerRde913.DrapeauxBannir.docx.

João do Cró, «Livro do Armeiro-Mor», roll of arms manuscript, written and emblazoned during the reign of Manuel I of Portugal, 161 pages, it is in the Torre do Tombo National Archive, ca 1509.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVI.

Classification: Manuscript, Armorial roll, In color and Portuguese language.

The author is João do Cró.

External resource:

• Direcção-Geral de Arquivos.

Internal resources: CroJdo1509.LivroDoArmeiroMor.02.Comentado.Desordenado.pdf 277 pages and Facsimile edition on paper.

José Luís Patricio Vicente de Pando Villarroya, Doctor in Information Sciences by the Complutense University of Madrid, «Historical Sciences, Heraldic Terms», on-line publication, in the domine dictionariesdigitales.net registered on 11^th of January of 2006.

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Release date

The release date is taken from Archive.org, checking when this «Heraldic Glossary» appeared for the first time in the record log series.

Heraldic glossary

It originally contains 676 heraldic terms without illustrations and 694 definitions.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Dictionary and Castilian language.

The author is de Pando Villarroya, José Luís Patricio Vicente.

External resource:

• The author at the National Library of Spain.

Javier Domínguez García, «Memorias del futuro: ideología y ficción en el símbolo de Santiago Apóstol», edited by Iberoamericana y Vervuert, 144 pages, ISBN Iberoamericana 978-84-8489-373-8 e ISBN Vervuert 978-3-86527-397-0, Madrid and Frankfurt am Main, 2008.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Author: Domínguez García, J..

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Order of Santiago, emblem

External resource:

• Google Books.

Vladimir Alexandrovich Durasov, «Heráldica de la Nobleza de toda Rusia», 279 páginas, San Petersburgo, 1906.

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Descripción

Esta obra, escrita por V. A. Durasov, es un registro heráldico completo de la nobleza rusa. Proporciona ilustraciones de los escudos de armas de las familias nobles a lo largo del Imperio Ruso.

El nombre completo del autor es Vladimir Alexandrovich Durasov, aunque en algunas fuentes, especialmente en versiones traducidas o abreviadas, puede aparecer como «W. Durasov» debido a problemas comunes de transliteración del ruso al alfabeto latino.

La obra se cita comúnmente como publicada en 1906, según se indica al inicio del libro; sin embargo, la fecha en la última página del libro es 1907.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Armorial roll, Russian language and Black and white with color plates.

The author is Durasov, Vladimir Alexandrovich.

Internal resources: DurasovVA1906.HeraldicaNoblezaRusa.pdf Formato PDF.

Edward IV King of England and Lord of Ireland, «The Armorial of Edward IV», «The Edward IV Roll», armorial in the form of a roll about 6 meters long, created to celebrate the coronation of Edward IV as the first King of England from the House of York and illustrated, probably, by different artists, 1461.

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The image illustrating this reference corresponds to the banner, which is number 27 in the 2^nd column, the final one of this armorial. This banner is held by a white deer, which was a personal badge of King Richard II of England, and also, two white deer were the supporters of his shield. The reason for the inclusion of this white deer might be to contribute to the legitimization of Edward IV as king.

It is notable that in row 25 of the 2^nd column of this armorial there is a banner with the arms of the shield of Castilla y León, probably because Edward IV, like his predecessors, claimed their throne. In this version of the shield of Castilla y León:

• The two gold castles, in the 1^st and 4^th quarters of gules, have three towers with the central one taller like the Castilian, but the twin side towers seem to be connected by the wall as in the English castle, [Valero de Bernabé, L.; 2009a; page 2] and [Valero de Bernabé, L.; 2009b; page 33], the wall has a door that is enameled in azure as in the Castilian.
• The two lions, in the 2^nd and 3^rd quarters of silver, seem to be gold, therefore, of «metal on metal» and, furthermore, very different from the purple lion of Castilla y León, it could well be an error by the artist or a degradation of an original purple enamel to ochre, as explained in the pendón de Castilla y León.

This shield of Castilla y León also appears:

• On the banner in row 27 of the 1^st column of this armorial. In this banner, they are combined with the arms of England represented in this article, in a new quartered, under an escutcheon with the imaginary arms of «Brutus of Troy», the also imaginary founder and king of Britain.
• On the caparison of the horse that Edward IV rides in the portrait at the beginning of his armorial. This caparison is a reproduction of the previous banner in row 27 of the 1^st column that combined the arms of England with those of Castilla y León. The presence of these arms in this initial portrait of the armorial of Edward IV denotes the importance he gave to his aspirations to the crown of Castilla y León.

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Bibliographical reference of century XV.

Author: Edward IV of England.

External links:

• Free Library: Edward.
• Free Library: Banners.
• The Edward IV Roll.
• Brutus of Troy.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 1^st, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 419 pages, 44 pictures, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 1995.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

Author: Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External resource:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 2^nd, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 396 pages, 89 pictures, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 1996.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

Author: Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External resource:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 3^rd, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 480 pages, 116 pictures, 2 maps, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 1997.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

The author is Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External link:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 4^th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 450 pages, 135 pictures, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 1998.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

Author: Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External resource:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 5^th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 484 pages, 124 pictures, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 1999.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

The author is Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External link:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 6^th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 419 pages, 124 pictures, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 2000.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

The author is Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External links:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2000.Volumen06.pdf.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 7^th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 496 pages, 199 pictures, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 2001.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

Author: Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External resources:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2001.Volumen07.pdf.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 8^th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 454 pages, 58 pictures, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 2002.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

The author is Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External resources:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2002.Volumen08.pdf.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 9^th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 483 pages, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 2003.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

The author is Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External links:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2003.Volumen09.pdf.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 10th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 563 pages, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 2004.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

Author: Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External resources:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2004.Volumen10.pdf.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 11th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 463 pages, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 2005.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

The author is Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External resources:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Magazine in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2005.Volumen11.pdf.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 12th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 415 pages, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 2006.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

Author: Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External links:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Magazine in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2006.Volumen12.pdf.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 13th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 535 pages, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 2007.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

The author is Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External resources:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2007.Volumen13.pdf.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 14^th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 579 pages, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 2008.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

The author is Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External resources:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Magazine in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2008.Volumen14.pdf.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 15^th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 579 pages, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 2009.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

The author is Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External resources:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Magazine in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2009.Volumen15.pdf.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 16^th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 507 pages, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 2010.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

The author is Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• García-Mercadal y García-Loygorri, F.; 2010

External resources:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Magazine in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2010.Volumen16.pdf.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 17^th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 469 pages, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 2011.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

The author is Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External resources:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2011.Volumen17.pdf.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 18^th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 517 pages, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 2012.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

Author: Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

• García-Mercadal y García-Loygorri, F.; 2012

External links:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Magazine in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2012.Volumen18.pdf.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 19^th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 558 pages, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by Talleres Editoriales Cometa SA, Zaragoza, 2013.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

Author: Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External links:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Magazine in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2013.Volumen19.pdf.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volumes 20th and 21^st, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 700 pages, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by Huella Digital SL, Zaragoza, 2015.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

The author is Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• García-Mercadal y García-Loygorri, F.; 2015

External resources:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Magazine in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2015.Volumen20-21.2014-2015.pdf.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 22^nd, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 346 pages, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by Huella Digital SL, Zaragoza, 2016.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

Author: Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External links:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Magazine in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2016.Volumen22.pdf.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 23^rd, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 312 pages, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by Copy Center Digital, Zaragoza, 2017.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

The author is Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External resources:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Magazine in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2017.Volumen23.pdf.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 24^th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 262 pages, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by Copy Center Digital, Zaragoza, 2018.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

Author: Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External links:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Magazine in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2018.Volumen24.pdf.

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 25^th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 486 pages, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by Copy Center Digital, Zaragoza, 2019

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

Author: Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External links:

• Abstract in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Index in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.
• Magazine in the Fernando el Catolico Institution.

Internal resources: Emblemata2019.Volumen25.pdf.

Jaime Febrer, «Trovas de Mossen Jaime Febrer: que tratan de los conquistadores de Valencia», edited by Joaquín María Bover, new edition made with reference to the first and an old manuscript, with notes, illustrated with portrait plates and heraldic plates, 312 pages, printed by Pedro José Gelabert, Palma, 1848.

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Historical context and content

Jaime Febrer lived during the reigns of Jaime I El Conquistador, 1207-1276, and his son Pedro III El Grande of Aragon and I of Valencia, 1239-1285. Febrer is believed to have authored a manuscript detailing 278 knights who participated in the conquest of Valencia alongside Jaime I, forming the foundation of many noble lineages in the city and kingdom of Valencia.

The manuscript, dedicated to Pedro III and I of Valencia, is composed in short verses known as «trovas» ~ «trobas», written in the «Lemosín» language, an old form of Valencian. Each trova includes a description of the knights' coats of arms.

A re-edition of this manuscript was published by Joaquín María Bover in 1848 in Palma de Mallorca.

Illustrative example of trova 39, Alpont

The «trova 39» is dedicated to Pedro Alpont, whose ancestor helped the General Otger Kathaló and adopted the surname Alpont following an event involving a bridge. This poem «trova 39» serves as an illustrative example, describing the blazon of Pedro Alpont. The blazon described in this trova is simple: «Argent, a Bridge».

The story included in this trova tells how Otger Gotlant, also known as Oger Catalón or Catazlon, a general under King Pepin of France, was near the Rhône observing the Moors. He crossed the river by one of its bridges to better track the enemy’s movements. Suddenly, he was attacked by a squadron of Saracens, forcing him to retreat hastily. A soldier on the other side of the river saw this and began shouting in the Lemosín language, calling for reinforcements: «Al pont, caballers, al pont» ~ «To the bridge, knights, to the bridge», as Otger and his men were in danger. According to this «trova 39» by Jaime Febrer, from that moment on, this soldier was known by the surname Alpont. One of his descendants, named Pedro Alpont, participated in the conquest of Mallorca and later moved to Valencia, following King Jaime I El Conquistador, leaving behind the Alpont surname for his successors.

Another Alpont, referred to as Alpont II, appears in trova number 40, where his blazon is characterized by a trident.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIII.

Classification: Valencian language and In black and white.

The author is Febrer, Jaime.

External resource:

• Biblioteca Valenciana, Trovas de Mossen Jaime Febrer.

Internal resources: FebrerJXIII.Trobas.BoverJM1848.Parcial.155.Paginas.pdf Partial PDF with the first 155 pages.

Fernando II, King of León, «Carta Puebla de Benavente», Historical Archive of the City Council of Benavente, dated November 1167.

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It is a document in which King Fernando II of León grants privileges to Benavente with the aim of repopulating this town.

The original document is a parchment measuring 60 x 43 centimeters, adorned in the upper right corner, right according to the heraldic criterion, with a Chi Rho from which hang an alpha and an omega. In what could be considered the navel of the charter is a rolled seal of the king formed by a lion, which I consider closer to rampant than passant, surrounded by a circular motto that reads «Signum Fernandi Regis Hispanorum» ~ «Sign of Fernando, King of the Spains». Additionally, this rolled seal is accompanied by the names of members of the chancery and prelates of the Kingdom of León, to confirm the grants recorded in the «Carta Puebla de Benavente».

This charter, also called the «Fuero de Benavente», is a beautiful example of local law and, since its promulgation in 1167, served as a model for other towns. In the following years, similar charters to that of Benavente were adopted in other towns of León, Asturias, and Galicia, with the one in La Coruña being a notable example.

The objective of the provisions of this charter was to favor the repopulation and settlement of new settlers in the town of Benavente, and its successful operation in this aspect led to its application in other places.

The original document is kept in the Municipal Archive of Benavente, forming part of its collection of royal privileges of Benavente. There is also a «facsimile» edition, like the one that illustrates this bibliographic reference, published in 2002 by the Benavente City Council on the occasion of the Commemoration of the VIII Centenary of the Benavente Courts.

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Bibliographical reference of century XII.

Author: Fernando II de León.

External resources:

• Benavente remembers Fernando II of León.
• Churches in the parish of Renueva.
• Facsimile of the Carta Puebla de Benavente.
• Carta Puebla in PDF.

Internal resources: FernandoII.24.Facsimil.CartaPueblaBenavente.pdf in armorial, Fernando II of León, key 104..

Fernando II, King of León, «Privilegio de Ampliación del Alfoz de Benavente», Historical Archive of the City Council of Benavente, 1181.

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Bibliographical reference of century XII.

The author is Fernando II de León.

External link:

• Benavente remembers Fernando II of León.

Ernesto Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, «Emblemática en Aragón. La colección de piezas emblemáticas del archivo biblioteca del Barón de Valdeolivos», edited by the Royal Academy of Heraldry and Genealogy of Madrid in collaboration with El Justicia de Aragón and the Spanish Confederation of Local Studies Centers (CECEL-CSIC), 899 pages, with color and black-and-white illustrations, ISBN 978-84-88833-08-2, ISBN number immediately preceding its digital edition, Legal Deposit M. 192-2014, deposit number immediately preceding its digital edition, Madrid, 2014.

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Also published in digital PDF format on CD-ROM as [Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, E.; 2014b] with a print run of 1000 copies.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Castilian language.

The author is Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, Ernesto.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, E.; 2014b

External link:

• Digital record in the National Library of Spain.

Ernesto Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, «Emblemática en Aragón. La colección de piezas emblemáticas del archivo biblioteca del Barón de Valdeolivos», edited by the Royal Academy of Heraldry and Genealogy of Madrid in collaboration with El Justicia de Aragón and the Spanish Confederation of Local Studies Centers (CECEL-CSIC), 899 pages, with color and black-and-white illustrations, ISBN 978-84-88833-09-9, ISBN number immediately following its print edition, Legal Deposit M. 193-2014, deposit number immediately following its print edition, Madrid, 2014.

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Also published in physical print format as [Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, E.; 2014a] with a print run of 100 numbered and signed copies by the author.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

The author is Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, Ernesto.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, E.; 2014a

External link:

• Digital record in the National Library of Spain.

Francesc d'A Ferrer i Vives, «Heraldica Catalana», 3 volumes, Volume I A-F, Volume II G-P, Volume III Q-Z, ISBN of the complete work 84-7304-204-2, Legal Deposit B.20.464 - april 1995, Editorial Milla, Carrer de Sant Pau 21, Barcelona, 1995.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Catalan language and In black and white.

Author: Ferrer i Vives, Francesc d'A.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

• Poumola, lineage of Catalonia

Internal resources: Paper book.

Fromageries Finas, «Collection des blasons de France. 1^st Edition», «Collection des blasons de France. 2^nd Edition», 23 pages, illustrated by Jean Brian, cover signed by R. Assier, published by Fromageries Finas, Saint-Félix, Haute-Savoie, circa 1950.

The «Collection des blasons de France» collections include two editions: the first edition with 50 coats of arms from French provinces and the second edition with 100 coats of arms from the main cities of France.

Each coat of arms was included in the packaging of Finas spreadable cheeses. The albums were available upon request for 10 postage stamps to cover handling costs.

These albums are an excellent example of how brands used heraldry to create an emotional and educational connection with their customers, employing coats of arms to reinforce a sense of identity and tradition, as can be seen in the index of the 1^st edition.

Index of the 1^st edition, coat of arms and page:

• Alsace 8
• Angoumois 12
• Anjou 10
• Armagnac 14
• Artois 4
• Aunis 12
• Auvergne 16
• Bar 8
• Béarn 14
• Beaujolais 6
• Berry 12
• Bourbonnais 6
• Bourgogne 6
• Bresse 6
• Bretagne 10
• Champagne 8
• Charolais 6
• Comtat-Venaissin 18
• Corse 18
• Dauphiné 18
• Flandre 4
• Foix 14
• Forez 16
• Franche-Comté 8
• Gascogne 14
• Guyenne 14
• Ile-de-France 4
• Languedoc 16
• Limousin 12
• Lorraine 8
• Lyonnais 6
• Maine 10
• Marche 12
• Maurienne 18
• Navarre 14
• Nice 18
• Nivernais 6
• Normandie 10
• Orléanais 10
• Picardie 4
• Poitou 12
• Provence 18
• Quercy 14
• Roussillon 16
• Saintonge 12
• Savoie 18
• Touraine 10
• Valois 4
• Vermandois 4
• Vivarais 16

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Armorial roll, French language and In color.

The author is Finas, Fromageries.

Internal resources: FinasF1950.01.Edition.pdf Digital PDF version of the 1^st Edition and FinasF1950.02.Edition.pdf Digital PDF version of the 2^nd Edition.

Arthur Charles Fox-Davies of Lincoln's Inn, Barrister-at-Law, «A Complete Guide to Heraldry», author of «The Art of Heraldry», illustrated by nine plates in colour and nearly 800 other designs, mainly from drawings by Graham Johnston, Herald Painter to the Lyon Court, edited by T. C. & E. C. Jack, 16 Henrietta Street, W.C., and Edinburgh, editor of «Armorial Families», London, 1909.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: De bibliotheca, In black and white and English language.

Author: Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles.

Internal resources: FoxDaviesAC1909.CompleteGuideToHeraldry.712pages.pdf in PDF format 712 pages, FoxDaviesAC1909.CompleteGuideToHeraldry.387pages.pdf in PDF format 387 pages, FoxDaviesAC1909.CompleteGuideToHeraldry.353pages.pdf in PDF format 353 pages, FoxDaviesAC1909.CompleteGuideToHeraldry.epub in ePub format and Physical book on paper.

Stephen Friar, «A Dictionary of Heraldry», first edition, illustrated by John Ferguson, Andrew Jamieson, and Anthony Wood, 384 pages, Harmony Books, ISBN.10 0-517-56665-6, New York, 1987.

This book is a comprehensive dictionary that explains the meanings of many heraldic symbols and discusses aspects of the history of heraldry. Stephen Friar, Director of The Society of Heraldic Arts, compiled this work with contributions from renowned heraldic illustrators. It is a valuable resource for anyone interested in heraldry, providing detailed descriptions and illustrations of heraldic terms and symbols.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Dictionary, English language and In color.

The author is Friar, Stephen.

Bibliographic reference mentioned in the following articles:

• Albero, lineage of Aragon
• Vera, lineage of Aragon

Michel Froger, «L'héraldique: histoire, blasonnement et règles», 127 pages, more than 1000 color illustrations, Editions Ouest-France, ISBN.13 9782737357923, Rennes, 12 September 2012.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: In color and French language.

Author: Froger, Michel.

Internal resources: Paper edition, gifted by the author.

Antonio del Gaio da Legnago, «Catulli Veronensis Liber Incipit, Manuscript», Deposited in Paris at the National Library of France, Parisinus lat. 14137. Available in digital version at «http://CatullusOnline.org» edited by Dániel Kiss. Verona, 1375.

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Manuscript made in Italian Gothic minuscule, usually called «rotunda». The identification of Antonio del Gaio da Legnago as the scribe was made by Giuseppe Billanovich. On parchment, initial folio plus 36 double-sided folios (72 pages) measuring 24.0 x 16.5 centimeters, with a written area of 16.0 x 10.5 centimeters. Antonio del Gaio da Legnago left the manuscript incomplete, which was finished by a second hand that also made numerous corrections.

The recto of folio 1 begins with the phrase «Catulli Veronensis liber incipit» and ends with a shield of azure with nine gold figures, four, two, two, one, with the 5^th, 6^th, and 9^th in the tip being pear-shaped and the others more oval, which I do not identify although they could be stones or islands. On the recto of folio 36 appears the date 1375.

Catullus's poem 62 is found between the verso of folio 17 and the recto of folio 18, along with the phrase «amat victoria curam».

Verse 14 is missing

On the verso of folio 17, «amat victoria curam» is found in line 15 of the poem and not in line 16 because Antonio del Gaio da Legnago seems to have completely skipped verse 14 «Nec mirum, penitus quae tota mente laborant». I have always thought that the absence of this verse could help establish a possible path of manuscript copies of Catullus's poetry.

Hand pointing at the motto

An interesting detail is that on this verso of folio 17, there is a painting of what in heraldry is known as a «gloved hand». It was painted later, and it points with its index finger directly at the phrase «amat victoria curam».

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Bibliographical reference of century XIV.

Author: Gaio da Legnago, Antonio del.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Catullus, C. V.; Century I B.C.

External resource:

• Catullus Online: Poems.

Anonymous, «Arms and Lineages of Spain», Lázaro Galdiano Foundation, call number 405, manuscript, illustrated, 330 pages, 29 x 22 centimeters, century XVII.

Content and notes

This manuscript contains heraldic descriptions and illustrations of coats of arms, with a coat of arms at the end of each lineage. The coats of arms are painted at the end, and the title of the next lineage is written so close, sometimes physically attached, that one might believe that the title under the coat of arms belongs to the lineage of the coat of arms, when it is actually the coat of arms of the previous lineage. The initial index occupies 20 pages, then the folios are numbered r, recto, up to 194, folio 195 is numbered, its title is «of the Medranos» and it contains an unusual coat of arms, by another hand and without tinctures, folio 196 is numbered and blank, and the final 14 folios are written in another style, and they are a small compendium of heraldic concepts. I understand that the Medrano family might have owned this manuscript for a time and added their lineage at the end of this armorial.

Physical condition and binding

Some leaves have been restored and reinforced at the margins, and the manuscript is in good condition. There is an annotation in manuscript on the verso of the first guard leaf: «8, 1500, F».

A dry stamp is present on the second guard leaf: «Obrador De Encuadernaciones De Antonio Menard. 15 Cervantes 15 Madrid». The manuscript is bound in vellum with a gilded top edge.

Manuscript index

• Alphabetical table of lineages.
• Armorial of kings:
  • Of the arms of Prester John.
  • Follow the arms and blazon of Jerusalem.
  • Of the branches of the Kingdom of Cyprus and its King.
  • Arms of the German Empire.
  • Of the King of Hungary.
  • The arms of Frisia and why it lost the name of Kingdom.
  • Bohemia.
  • Arms of the King of Poland and León.
  • Of the kingdom of Sweden and Gothia.
  • Of the kingdom of Norway.
  • Of the King of Gelandia.
  • Of the King of Scotland.
  • Arms of England.
  • Of the King of Hibernia.
  • Arms of Rome.
  • Arms of the King of Naples.
  • Of the Duke of Milan.
  • Of the King of Sicily.
  • Of the King of France.
  • Those who populated Spain are written.
  • Of the Kings of Navarra.
  • Of the King of Aragón.
  • Of the King of Portugal.
  • How the kings of Castilla began.
• Armorial of lineages:
  • Of the Manuels.
  • Of the De la Cerda.
  • Of the Enríquez.
  • Of the Duke of Va Hermosa Don Alonso de Aragón.
  • Of the Castillas.
  • Of the Guzmanes.
  • Of the Flores.
  • Of the Ponces de León.
  • Of the Carrillos.
  • Of the Manriques.
  • Of the De Albornoz.
  • Of the Riveras.
  • Of the Portugals.
  • Of the Haros.
  • Of the Lara lineage.
  • Of the Guevaras.
  • Of the Mendozas.
  • From where the Hurtados come.
  • Of the foundation and surname of Ayala.
  • Of the Velascos.
  • Of the De Castros.
  • Of the Herreras.
  • Of the De la Vegas.
  • Of the De Tovars.
  • Of the Sarmientos.
  • Of the Estunigas.
  • Of the Añayas.
  • Of the Cerezos.
  • Of the Heredias.
  • Of the Aguilars.
  • Of the Pachecos.
  • Of the Osorios lineage.
  • Another difference of arms.
  • Pimentels.
  • Of the Avellanedas.
  • Of the Bracamontes.
  • Of the Cueva.
  • Of the Toledos.
  • Another difference of arms of Toledo from the Garcías.
  • Of the Barrosos.
  • Of the Silvas.
  • Of the Palomeques.
  • Of the Gaitanes.
  • Of the Gudiels.
  • Of the Sandovals.
  • Of the Niños.
  • Of the Cervatos.
  • Of the Fonsecas.
  • Of the Coroneles.
  • Of the Avalos.
  • Of the Lunas.
  • Of the Torquemadas.
  • Of the Carvajales.
  • Of the Rivadeneiras.
  • Of the Padillas.
  • Of the Valderrábanos.
  • Of the Aguayos.
  • Of the Zapatas.
  • Of the Mirandas.
  • Of the De Acuñas.
  • Of the Arellanos.
  • Of the Castañedas.
  • Of the Quiñones.
  • Of the Cornados.
  • Of the Cervantes.
  • Of the Loaysas.
  • Of the Cisneros.
  • Of the Dazas.
  • Of the Córdobas.
  • Of the Matas.
  • Of the Aceves.
  • Of the Cuellos.
  • Of the Villarrueles.
  • Of the De Biveros.
  • Of the De Rojas.
  • Of the De Orozcos.
  • Those called from Bizcaya.
  • Of the Sorvas.
  • Of the Maldonados.
  • Of the Fajardos.
  • Of the Contreras.
  • Of the Moscosos.
  • Of the Mejías.
  • Of the Sosas.
  • Of the Figueroas.
  • Of the Barahonas.
  • Of the Montoyas.
  • Of the Alarcóns.
  • Of the La Torre.
  • Of the Ludos.
  • Of the Moyas.
  • Of the Ángulos.
  • Of the Calatayuds.
  • Of the Gaonas.
  • Of the Mendaños.
  • Of the Beneros.
  • Of the Londoños.
  • Of the Quevedos.
  • Of the Ulloas.
  • Of the Quirogas.
  • Of the Liras.
  • Of the Meneses.
  • Of the Girones.
  • Of the constable Miguel Lucas.
  • Of the Prados.
  • Of the Salazars.
  • Of the Solórzanos.
  • Of the Cárdenas.
  • Of the Biedmas.
  • Of the Obregóns.
  • Of the Bustos.
  • Of the Almansas.
  • Of the Puerto Carreros.
  • Of the Sartes.
  • Of the Carates.
  • Of the Aljofríns.
  • Of the Barrientos.
  • Of the Reinosos.
  • Of the Locanas.
  • Of the Chacones.
  • Of the Pantojas.
  • Of the Carranzas.
  • Of the Pereas.
  • Of the Vanegas.
  • Of the Lujanes.
  • Of the Calderones.
  • Of the La Cadena.
  • Of the Delgadillos.
  • Of the Clavijos.
  • Of the Grajedas.
  • Of the Ávila.
  • Of the Lisones.
  • Of the De Mesas.
  • Of the Las Ruelas.
  • Of the Rapados.
  • Of the Villandrandos.
  • Of the Luzones.
  • Of the Torres.
  • Of the De Soliez.
  • Of the Herrezuelos.
  • Of the Pavía.
  • Of the Berrios.
  • Of the Baruas.
  • Of the Benavides.
  • Two differences of arms.
  • Of the Narváez.
  • Of the Robles.
  • Of the De Ñero.
  • Of the Mojicas.
  • Of the Bacanes.
  • Of the Bastoncillos.
  • Of the Bocanegras.
  • Of the Castillos.
  • Of the De Cañizares.
  • Of the Cerezuela.
  • Of the Dorantes.
  • Of the De Estrada.
  • Of the Escobares.
  • Of the Salcedos.
  • Of the De Inestrosa.
  • Of the De Isla.
  • Of the Illanes.
  • Of the Jaravas.
  • Of the Oñez.
  • Of the Cuadrados.
  • Of the Pardos.
  • Of the Penalosas.
  • Of the Porras.
  • Of the Muñizes.
  • Of the Ruecos.
  • Of the Sotos.
  • Of the Romos.
  • Of the Salcedos.
  • Of the Tenorios.
  • Of the Valdeses.
  • Of the Vallejos.
  • Of the Villagómez.
  • Of the Bargas.
  • Of the Verdejos.
  • Of the Marinos.
  • Of the Morales.
• Added lineage and coat of arms:
  • Of the Medranos.
• Compendium of heraldic concepts:
  • First preamble.
  • The rule of heraldry follows.
  • Second preamble.
  • Third preamble.
  • Final fourth preamble.
  • The meaning of gold.
  • The meaning of silver.
  • The meaning of blue.
  • The meaning of gules, which is red.
  • Sable, which is black.
  • The meaning of vert, which is green.
  • The meaning of purpure, which is purple.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVII.

Classification: Manuscript, Armorial roll, Castilian language and In color.

Author: unknown.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Kingdom of Jerusalem

Internal resources: GaldianoLXVII.ArmasLinajesEspaña.pdf PDF format.

Anonymous, «Libro en que se pintan los cavalleros cofrades de la Cofradía de Nuestra Señora de Gamonal», National Library of Spain, call number Mss/22258, manuscript, illustrated, 4+((28-3)*2+1)+2 = 57 pages, 27 folios, 30 x 23 centimeters, Burgos, 1575-1600.

Content and notes

This manuscript contains 46 full-page, mannerist-style portraits of equestrian knights, members of the Cofradía de Nuestra Señora de Gamonal, with their coats of arms, painted in color and illuminated with gold and silver, though some remain unfinished. Below some of the images, the name of the knight is inscribed. An annotation on the cover reads: «Jusepe de Aiala pintose en [B]urgos» indicating the possible artist. The manuscript has been foliated in ink at the lower right corner and in pencil at the upper right, modernized. Some notes in 19^th-century handwriting are also present.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVI.

Classification: Manuscript, Armorial roll, Castilian language and In color.

Author: anonymous.

External resource:

• National Library of Spain, information.

Internal resources: GamonalXVI.Armorial.Ecuestre.pdf PDF format.

Lorenzo Garaycoa Raffo, Doctor, «Contribución Heraldica para el Estudio de la Sociedad Colonial de Guayaquil», pending to publish, graphic designer Lorenzo Garaycoa Taylor, with 320 surnames and 500 coat of arms, mainly of colonial coats of arms, main index on page 98, alphabetical index on page 99, 117 pages, Guayaquil, 11th of February of 2011.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Castilian language and Black and white and color illustrations.

The author is Garaycoa Raffo, Lorenzo.

Internal resources: GaraycoaRaffoL2011.pdf.

Alberto García Carraffa y Arturo García Carraffa, «Heraldic and Genealogical Dictionary of Spanish and American Surnames», 88 volumes, printed by Antonio Marzo, Madrid, 1920.

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Contents of the 88 volumes

• Volume I. The science of heraldry or blazon.
• Volume II. Dictionary of blazonry terms; Methods of blazoning; Index of heraldic.
• Volume III. Aanda - Adan de Yarza.
• Volume IV. Adana - Aich.
• Volume V. Aichiaivoli - Alcocer.
• Volume VI. Alcoces - Almuzara.
• Volume VII. Aloi - Alzuru.
• Volume VIII. Allado - Anés.
• Volume IX. Anescar - Aragón.
• Volume X. Aragonés - Arecha.
• Volume XI. Aréchaga - Aronal.
• Volume XII. Aronsena - Azzia.
• Volume XIII. Baana - Barbena.
• Volume XIV. Barbens - Basani.
• Volume XV. Basanta - Benavides.
• Volume XVI. Bencarza - Blancazo.
• Volume XVII. Blanco - Bolet.
• Volume XVIII. Boliaga - Brañas.
• Volume XIX. Braramuño - Buzón.
• Volume XX. Caamaño - Cadelo.
• Volume XXI. Cadena - Campani.
• Volume XXII. Campano - Cañellas.
• Volume XXIII. Cañete - Caroli.
• Volume XXIV. Carondelet - Cassador.
• Volume XXV. Castant - Celaeta.
• Volume XXVI. Celain - Claver.
• Volume XXVII. Claveria - Cutuneguieta.
• Volume XXVIII. Chavelas - Desportell.
• Volume XXIX. Despou - Duzay.
• Volume XXX. Ebazquin - Ellauri.
• Volume XXXI. Ellul - Escolonea.
• Volume XXXII. Escorcia - Ezterripa.
• Volume XXXIII. Fabalis - Fernández de Espinosa.
• Volume XXXIV. Fernández de Estenoz - Figuereido.
• Volume XXXV. Figuera - Franco.
• Volume XXXVI. Francoli - Gamboa.
• Volume XXXVII. Gambacorta - García de la Plata.
• Volume XXXVIII. García y Portilla - Gil de Zúñiga.
• Volume XXXIX. Gilabert - Gómez de la Serna.
• Volume XL. Gómez de Silva - Gorriti.
• Volume XLI. Górriz - Guil.
• Volume XLII. Guilisagasti - Haro.
• Volume XLIII. Hartos - Hilera.
• Volume XLIV. Hilgueros - Ibarrundia.
• Volume XLV. Ibars de Povil - Irazusta.
• Volume XLVI. Irgas - Izurzu.
• Volume XLVII. Jabaloyas - Juyá.
• Volume XLVIII. Labaca - Larburu.
• Volume XLIX. Lardíes - Lazcamburu.
• Volume L. Lazcano - Lizárraga.
• Volume LI. Lizarralde - Luzuriaga.
• Volume LII. Llabiá - Malda.
• Volume LIII. Maldonado - Marín.
• Volume LIV. Marina - Marroquin.
• Volume LV. Marrubiza - Mendibure.
• Volume LVI. Mendicoa - Mesares.
• Volume LVII. Mescua - Moncayo.
• Volume LVIII. Monclares - Moradell.
• Volume LIX. Moraga - Mozo.
• Volume LX. Mozo de la Torre - Muzúa.
• Volume LXI. Naarruza - Nelia.
• Volume LXII. Neira - Ocaranza.
• Volume LXIII. Ocariz - Olcina.
• Volume LXIV. Olcinellas - Ordines.
• Volume LXV. Ordonias - Oruna.
• Volume LXVI. Oruña - Ozticain.
• Volume LXVII. Pablo or de Pablo - Palandegui or Palantegui.
• Volume LXVIII. Palafurgell - Parro.
• Volume LXIX. Parrondo - Pellón.
• Volume LXX. Pemán - Pérez de Arramendia.
• Volume LXXI. Pérez de Arroyo - Pillado.
• Volume LXXII. Pimentel - Poli.
• Volume LXXIII. Polo - Portero.
• Volume LXXIV. Portes - Puig - Gat.
• Volume LXXV. Puigbaco - Quincoces.
• Volume LXXVI. Quinquer - Rami.
• Volume LXXVII. Ramírez - Rezusta.
• Volume LXXVIII. Riabeyo - Rizo.
• Volume LXXIX. Roa - Romaza.
• Volume LXXX. Romero or Romeo, O Romeu - Ruy de Peras.
• Volume LXXXI. Sáa - Salinas.
• Volume LXXXII. Sall - Santángel or Sant Angel.
• Volume LXXXIII. Santaolaria or Santolaria - Sayola.
• Volume LXXXIV. Sebastián - Sirtema.
• Volume LXXXV. Sirvent or Sirvente - Susunaga.
• Volume LXXXVI. Tabar or Tavar - Tolosans.
• Volume LXXXVII. Tolrá - Tutor.
• Volume LXXXVIII. Uacué - Urriza.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Castilian language and Black and white with color plates.

The 2 authors are García Carraffa, Alberto and García Carraffa, Arturo.

External links:

• Archive.org, volume 1.
• Archive.org, volume 4.
• Archive.org, volume 8.

Internal resources: GarciaCarrafiaAyA1920.Tomo.01.pdf PDF format, GarciaCarrafiaAyA1920.Tomo.04.pdf PDF format and GarciaCarrafiaAyA1920.Tomo.08.pdf PDF format.

Alberto García Carraffa y Arturo García Carraffa, with the colaboration of Armando de Fluviá y Escorsa, «El Solar Catalán, Valenciano y Balear», 4 volumes, Volume I Abad-Cebrián, 443 pages, Volume II Celma-Malda, 449 pages, Volume III Malendric-Quirant, 425 pages, Volume IV Rabasa-Zenarbe y apéndice, 516 pages, 1^st edition, Heraldic Collection, edited by Librería Internacional, San Sebastián, 1968.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Castilian language and Black and white with color plates.

Authors: García Carraffa, Alberto and García Carraffa, Arturo.

Bibliographic reference mentioned in the following articles:

• Lloscós y Soldevilla, Guilaberto
• Poumola, lineage of Catalonia

Internal resources: Paper book.

Fernando García-Mercadal y García-Loygorri, «Penas, Distinciones y Recompensas: Nuevas Reflexiones en torno al Derecho Premial», [Emblemata; 2010; pages 205-235], Volume 16^th, Aragonesa de Emblemática Magazine, ERAE, Fernando El Católico Institution, ISSN 1137-1056, Zaragoza, 2010.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Article.

The author is García-Mercadal y García-Loygorri, Fernando.

External resource:

• Paper at Emblemata.

Fernando García-Mercadal y García-Loygorri, «La Regulación Jurídica de las Armerías: Apuntes de Derecho Heráldico Español», [Emblemata; 2012; pages 259-297], Volume 18^th, Aragonesa de Emblemática Magazine, ERAE, Fernando El Católico Institution, ISSN 1137-1056, Zaragoza, 2012.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Article.

The author is García-Mercadal y García-Loygorri, Fernando.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

• Freedom and legitimacy to adopt arms

External link:

• Paper at Emblemata.

Internal resources: GarciaMercadalF2012.Regulacion.pdf.

Fernando García-Mercadal y García-Loygorri, «Catálogo emblemático del archivo-biblioteca del barón de Valdeolivos de Fonz», [Emblemata; 2015; pages 675-677], Volumes 20th and 21^st, Aragonesa de Emblemática Magazine, ERAE, Fernando El Católico Institution, ISSN 1137-1056, Zaragoza, 2015.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Commentary.

The author is García-Mercadal y García-Loygorri, Fernando.

External resource:

• Paper at Emblemata.

Dr. Charles A. Gauci, Chief Herald of Arms of Malta, «The Way Forward», a two-part work with appendices, edited by Annabelle Grech and Godwin Vella, design by Cherise Micallef, photography by Pierre Balzia, acknowledgements to George Agius and Russell Muscat, published by Heritage Malta Publishing, printed by Print It Printing Services Ltd, ISBN 978-9918-619-52-8, 172 pages, hardcover, Valletta, 2023.

Description

This two-part analytical commentary by Dr. Charles A. Gauci, Chief Herald of Arms of Malta, explores the future of heraldry in Malta.

Index

• Part 1, «The Quirks and Nuances of Hereditary Honours in Malta - A Consolidation of Certain Aspects of Malta’s Intangible Cultural Heritage»: In the first part, which includes over 260 footnotes, the author addresses the task of debunking generationally-accumulated erroneous conclusions regarding Malta's nobility, which have significantly influenced the composition and inheritance of local coats of arms.
• Part 2, «A System of Maltese Heraldry»: The second part provides a brief history of heraldry in Malta, explains basic concepts, and details the main features of a coat of arms, applying heraldic norms in a proper Maltese context with consideration of national laws and historical shifts.
• General Appendix: This appendix cites the legal basis for the Office of the Chief Herald of Arms of Malta, including the 2021 amendment to the Culture Heritage Act, Cap 445, and the Heraldry and Genealogy Regulations, 2021, enacted in January 2022.

Honoring the Arms of Baron Michele Tollis Olivari

In this book by Dr. Charles A. Gauci, Chief Herald of Arms of Malta, the arms of Baron Michele Tollis Olivari, which were emblazoned by me, are featured on page 156. It has been an immense honor for me.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: De bibliotheca, English language and In color.

The author is Gauci, Charles A..

Internal resources: Physical book on paper.

Various authors, «Gran diccionari de la llengua catalana», known as GDLC, Enciclopèdia Catalana, Diccionaris de l’Enciclopèdia, ISBN 84-412-2790-X Barcelona, 1998.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Dictionary and Catalan language.

Author: Various authors.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Poumola, lineage of Catalonia

External resource:

• Online dictionary.

Vittorio Gifra, Gian Carlo Onida, «Armoriale di Frugarolo e del territorio (con 330 stemmi raffigurati a colori)», 146 pages, Arquata Scrivia, Piedmont, 2020.

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The magnificent upcoming book by Vittorio Gifra and Gian Carlo Onida, titled «Armoriale di Frugarolo e del territorio (con 330 stemmi raffigurati a colori)», has been an honor for me to receive in its preliminary version.

The «Armoriale di Frugarolo e del territorio» showcases over 300 meticulously painted coats of arms, challenging the notion that they are exclusive to the nobility. It demonstrates that heraldry is a subjective personal right, applicable to both noble and non-noble families, deepening the understanding of heraldic science and family history.

Focused on Frugarolo and its surroundings, it uncovers the heraldic and genealogical roots of local families. It provides an illustrated guide to their blazons, organized alphabetically by lineages, with annexes such as an introduction to heraldry, local mottos, bibliography, glossary of heraldic terms, and indexes, totaling 146 pages.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Armorial roll, Black and white and color illustrations and Italian language.

Authors: Gifra, Vittorio and Onida, Gian Carlo.

Internal resources: GifraVOnidaGC2020.00.Frugarolo.pdf.

António Godinho, «Livro da nobreza e da perfeição das armas dos reis cristãos e nobres linhagens dos reinos e senhorios de Portugal» ~ «Book of Nobility and Perfection of the Arms of Christian Kings and Noble Lineages of the Kingdoms and Lordships of Portugal», 1 book, parchment, 66 pages, 4 coats of arms per page, 43 x 32 centimeters, ca. 1521.

António Godinho was a clerk of the Chamber of King John III, but the codex was started during the time of King Manuel (ca. 13 December 1521). I use the year 1521 only for the purpose of creating the book key.

I think the book contains 263 illuminated coats of arms, including those of the King of Portugal, the King of Castile, the King of Aragon, and others. It was restored and returned to the archive on the 21^st of June, 1904.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVI.

Classification: Manuscript and Armorial roll.

The author is Godinho, António.

Martin S. J. Goldstraw, «The Heraldic Visitations of Cheshire 1533 to 1580», published by Martin S. J. Goldstraw, 338 pages, Cheshire, 22 August 2013.

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Recreation by Martin S. J. Goldstraw of the book [Rylands, J. P.; 1882].

The coat of arms that illustrates this bibliographic reference is that of the book's author.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

The author is Goldstraw, Martin S. J..

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Rylands, J. P.; 1882

Martin S. J. Goldstraw, «The Heraldic Visitations of Cheshire 1613», published by Martin S. J. Goldstraw, 335 pages, Cheshire, 24 August 2013.

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Recreation by Martin S. J. Goldstraw of the book [Armytage, G. J.; Rylands, J. P.; 1909].

This bibliographic reference is illustrated with the coat of arms of the book's author.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

The author is Goldstraw, Martin S. J..

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Armytage, G. J.; Rylands, J. P.; 1909

Maria del Carmen González Echegaray, «Escudos de Cantabria», 5 volumes, Volume I Merindad de Trasmiera, 376 pages, Volume II, Asturias de Santillana I, 474 pages, Volume III, Asturias de Santillana II, 388 pages, Volume IV, Asturias de Santillana y Bajo Asón, 434 pages, y Volume V, Valle de Sobra, Ruesga, Pas, Liendo, Guriezo y Provincia de Liébana, 314 pages, Legal deposit: Vi. 514-1969, edited by Joaquin Bedia Cano, Santander, printed by H. Fournier, Vitoria, 1969.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Castilian language and In black and white.

The author is González Echegaray, Maria del Carmen..

External links:

• Centro de Estudios Montañeses, Volume I Merindad de Trasmiera.
• Centro de Estudios Montañeses, Volume II, Asturias de Santillana I.
• Centro de Estudios Montañeses, Volume III, Asturias de Santillana II.
• Centro de Estudios Montañeses, Volume IV, Asturias de Santillana y Bajo Ason.
• Centro de Estudios Montañeses, Volume V, Valle de Sobra, Ruesga, Pas, Liendo, Guriezo y Provincia de Liebana.

Internal resources: GonzalezEchegarayMC1969.11.EscudosCantabria, Volume I Merindad de Trasmiera, 34 Mbytes, GonzalezEchegarayMC1969.12.EscudosCantabria, Volume II, Asturias de Santillana I, 31 Mbytes, GonzalezEchegarayMC1969.13.EscudosCantabria, Volume III, Asturias de Santillana II, 26 Mbytes, GonzalezEchegarayMC1969.14.EscudosCantabria, Volume IV, Asturias de Santillana y Bajo Ason, 22 Mbytes and and GonzalezEchegarayMC1969.15.EscudosCantabria, Volume V, Valle de Sobra, Ruesga, Pas, Liendo, Guriezo y Provincia de Liebana, 18 Mbytes.

Henri Gourdon de Genouillac, «L'Art Héraldique», part of the series Bibliothèque de l'enseignement des Beaux-arts, published under the direction of M. Jules Comte, Maison Quantin, 290 pages, 21 centimeters, Paris, 1889.

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With some black and white small illustrations, it covers the art of heraldry, its history, rules, and applications, and serves as a comprehensive guide for artists, historians, and those interested in the heraldic art.

Contents

• Chapter I. The blazon - Pieces and figures that compose coats of arms, page 11.
• Chapter II. Repertoire of attributes, page 98.
• Chapter III. External ornaments of the shield, their use, and their misuse, page 145.
• Chapter IV. Municipal arms, page 188.
• Chapter V. The blazon in the arts, page 200.
• Chapter VI. Blazoned garments, page 207.
• Chapter VII. Seals, tokens, méreaux of corporations, communities, page 214.
• Chapter VIII. The fleur-de-lis, the eagle, the lion, the leopard, various figures, page 222.
• Chapter IX. The blazon in England, Germany, and other nations, page 230.
• Chapter X. Explanatory glossary, page 252.
• Chapter XI. Heraldic bibliography, page 275.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

Classification: French language and In black and white.

Author: Gourdon de Genouillac, Henri.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

• Portugal

External link:

• Archive.org.

Internal resources: GourdonDeGenouillacH1889.LArtHeraldique.pdf PDF version..

Kevin Greaves, «A Guide to Basic Blazonry», for students at Level 1 of the RHSC Heraldry Proficiency Course, illustrations by Gordon Macpherson, published by the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada, Ottawa, 2005.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: English language and In color.

The author is Greaves, Kevin.

Internal resources: GreavesK2005.GuideBasicBlazonry.10.pdf PDF Format.

Kevin Greaves, «A Guide to Blazonry», 32 pages, 90 color illustrations and 2 black and white illustrations, illustrated by Steve Cowan y Gordon Macpherson, published by The Royal Heraldry Society of Canada, Hamilton and Ottawa, Ontario, 2014.

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Table of contents:

• Chapter I: The Shield, Sequence of Blazoning; página 1.
• Chapter II: The Complex Field; página 6.
• Chapter III: Blazoning Charges on the Field; página 10.
• Chapter IV: Counterchanging; página 15.
• Chapter V: Multi-Family Shields; página 17.
• Chapter VI: The Crest and its Associated Features; página 20.
• Chapter VII: Supporters, Compartment and Motto; página 24.
• Chapter VIII: Badges and Flags; página 27.

There are abridged versions of this 32-page guide for different levels of learning, for example, the first level guide has only 11 pages.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: English language and Black and white and color illustrations.

The author is Greaves, Kevin.

External link:

• Education Heraldry Canada.

Internal resources: GreavesK2014.AGuideToBlazonry.pdf 32 pages and GreavesK2014.AGuideToBlazonry.10.pdf 11 pages.

Bernard Grothues, «Dr. Antonio Salmerón, heraldicus in Spanje. Een kijkje in het atelier van een heraldisch kunstenaar», Heraldisch Tijdschrift, volume 25, number 4, Periodiek voor wapen- zegel- en vlaggenkunde, Magazine for arms, stamp and flag studies, edited by NGV - Nederlandse Genealogische Vereniging, printed by Stipril - Driebergen ISSN 1381-6675, Bunnik, Utrecht, Netherlands, July-August 2019.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Article, Dutch language and Black and white and color illustrations.

The author is Grothues, Bernard.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Dr. Antonio Salmerón, heraldicus in Spanje

External link:

• Heraldisch Tijdschrift number 4.

Konrad Grünenberg, «Das Wappenbuch Conrads von Grünenberg, Ritters und Bürgers zu Constanz», Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, call number Cgm 145, 182 leaves, parchment, 37 x 31 centimeters, manuscript in German, circa 1480.

Contents

The «Wappenbuch» by Konrad Grünenberg is a splendid manuscript featuring several hundred colored coats of arms. Written on parchment, this manuscript is believed to be a contemporary copy of the original version on paper, which was completed in 1483 and is currently preserved in Berlin. This manuscript was once part of the Bavarian dukes' library and was likely owned by Duke Wilhelm IV of Bavaria, 1493-1550. It depicts coats of arms of barons, dukes, margraves, archbishops, free cities and towns, and orders of knights from across Germany, as well as royal coats of arms from various European kingdoms.

Provenance

The manuscript is linked to Konrad Grünenberg, a prominent burgher and knight from Konstanz, a town on Lake Constance in southwestern Germany. Although the exact dates of his birth and death are unknown, Grünenberg was first mentioned as a builder in 1442. He devoted much of his life to heraldry, resulting in the creation of this armorial that bears his name. This specific copy is one of several made from Grünenberg's original autograph.

Creative Commons

The manuscript is fully digitized and available for study, and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International.

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Bibliographical reference of century XV.

Classification: Armorial roll, Manuscript, German language and In color.

Author: Grünenberg, Konrad.

External resources:

• Bayerische Staatsbibliothek.
• Digitized version.

Internal resources: GrunenbergKonrad1480.mp4 Video in MP4 format and GrunenbergKonrad1480.pdf Armorial in PDF format.

Coriolano Guimera López, «El Conde de Mora y la Heráldica», Hidalguía Magazine, numbers 202 and 203, Ediciones Hidalguía, Madrid, 1987.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

The author is Guimera López, Coriolano.

External link:

• Ediciones Hidalguia.

«The Heralds' Roll», containing 697 painted coats of arms, it is an English roll of arms dating from c. 1280.

In The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, with code MS297, there is a copy of the 15^th century.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIII.

Classification: Armorial roll, Manuscript and In color.

Author: unknown.

External links:

• The Heraldry Society Heralds' Roll, sample page 1.
• sample page 2.
• sample page 3.

Antonio Herrera Casado, «The Armorial of Aragon», Annals of the Royal Matritense Academy of Heraldry and Genealogy, pages 137-220, Madrid, 1992-1993.

Torsten Hiltmann, Laurent Hablot, Marc Gil, Matteo Ferrari, Luisa Gentile, Oliver Fearon, Andreas H. Zajic, Martin Roland, Steen Clemmensen, Radu Lupescu, Anne-Sophie Bessero-Lagarde, Tanja Jones, Alessandro Savorelli and Jean-Christophe Blanchard, «Heraldic Artists and Painters in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times», colection Heraldic Studies, volume 1, 236 pages, with illustrations and photographs in black and white and color, edition with some articles in English and other in French, dimensions 16.90 x 2.00 x 24.40 centimeters, edited by Torsten Hiltmann and Laurent Hablot, publication funded by the Volkswagen Foundation, by the 4^th Section of the EA SAPRAT (Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes-Paris Sciences et Lettres) and by the CESCM (Centre d’Études Supérieures de Civilisation Médiévale de Poitiers), published by Jan Thorbecke Verlag, ISBN 978-3799512534, Ostfildern, Germany, 2018.

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The content of this book is as follows:

Introduction

«Arms and Art in the Middle Ages; Approaching the Social and Cultural Impact of Heraldry by its Artisans and Artists», article in English, pages 11-23, Torsten Hiltmann, Munich, Germany.

«Art, Esthétique et Productions Héraldiques au Moyen Âge; Considération Générales», article in French, pages 24-40, Laurent Hablot, Paris, France.

The artist

«Peinture d’Armoiries, une Activité Parmi d’Autres du Peintre Médiéval?», article in French, pages 43-55, Marc Gil, Lille, French Flanders, France.

«Au Service de la Commune; Identité et Culture des Peintres Héraldistes dans les Villes Italiennes aux XIIIème–XIVème Siècles», article in French, pages 56-75, Matteo Ferrari, Poitiers, France.

«Artistes, Hérauts et Héraldique de Part et d’Autre des Alpes Occidentales», article in French, pages 76-94, Luisa Gentile, Turin, Italy.

Conception

«As Yt Ys Made; Gender and Description in Plans for Armorial Displays by the English Gentry c. 1460–1500», article in English, pages 97-112, Oliver Fearon, York, United Kingdom.

«The Influence of Beneficiaries on the Artistic Make-up of Imperial Grants of Arms or: How Do Heraldic Images Get into Late Medieval Charters?», article in English, pages 113-132, Andreas H. Zajic, Vienna, Austria.

Specific supports and contexts

«Medieval Grants of Arms and their Illuminators», article in English, pages 135-155, Martin Roland, Vienna, Austria.

«Armorials as Commercial Ventures?», article in English, pages 156-166, Steen Clemmensen, Farum, Denmark.

«Heraldic Commissions in an Architectural Context; Case Studies from Transylvania», article in English, pages 167-178, Radu Lupescu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

«Les Auteurs des Pompes Funèbres Héraldiques à la Renaissance; Artistes de Renom, Associations de Peintres et Ateliers Spécialisés», article in French, pages 179-189, Anne-Sophie Bessero-Lagarde, Paris, France.

Individual artists and their work

«Vivified Heraldry; On Pisanello’s Medallic Imagery», article in English, pages 193-206, Tanja Jones, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States.

«L’Héraldique des Della Robbia à Florence entre Abstraction et Naturalisme», article in French, pages 207-221, Alessandro Savorelli, Florence, Italy.

«Georges Gresset, Peintre et Héraut d’Armes des ducs de Lorraine, 1523–1559», article in French, pages 221-235, Jean-Christophe Blanchard, Nancy, France.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: English language, French language and Black and white and color illustrations.

The names of the authors are:

• Hiltmann, Torsten.
• Hablot, Laurent.
• Gil, Marc.
• Ferrari, Matteo.
• Gentile, Luisa.
• Fearon, Oliver.
• Zajic, Andreas H..
• Roland, Martin.
• Clemmensen, Steen.
• Lupescu, Radu.
• Bessero-Lagarde, Anne-Sophie.
• Jones, Tanja.
• Savorelli, Alessandro.
• Blanchard, Jean-Christophe.

External link:

• Heraldic Artists and Painters at Heraldica Nova.

Internal resources: Paper book.

José Manuel Huidobro Moya, «La Heráldica Desconocida», 332 pages, Vision Libros, ISBN-13 978-8410039704, Madrid, May 9, 2024.

I’m currently enjoying reading «La Heráldica Desconocida» by José Manuel Huidobro Moya. It’s a remarkable exploration of how heraldry, far from being outdated, remains a relevant and dynamic art form today. The author masterfully delves into the unexpected uses of heraldry in modern society, from luxury brands to institutions, proving that heraldry is still very much alive and ever-evolving. Highly recommended for anyone passionate about history, design, and the lasting significance of heraldry.

I am honored that my interpretation of the coat of arms of the Universidad de Politécnica de Madrid has been included on page 231 of this book. It is a privilege to have made my small contribution to this a meaningful work.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: De bibliotheca, Castilian language and In color.

Author: Huidobro Moya, José Manuel.

Internal resources: Physical book on paper.

Cecil Humphery-Smith, FHS - Fellow of The Heraldry Society, «Why three Leopards?», Coat of Arms, COA, An Heraldic Quarterly Magazine, issue 126, The Heraldry Society, Baldock, Hertfordshire, summer of 1983.

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The coat of arms illustrating this bibliographic reference is that of the Kingdom of England, which was also that of the queen of Castile Leonor Plantagenet.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

The author is Humphery-Smith, Cecil.

External link:

• The Heraldry Society.

Internal resources: HumpherySmithC1983.3Leopards.docx.

Frederick Charles Husenbeth, «Emblems of saints: by which they are distinguished in works of art», with 2 appendices «On the treatment of the Sibyls in art» by William Marsh and «On sacred heraldry» by Edward Lushington Blackburne, 3th edition edited by Augustus Jessopp, printed by A. H. Goose and Co. for the Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Society, Norwich, 1882.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

Author: Husenbeth, Frederick Charles.

External links:

• National Library of Ireland.
• The coat of arms of the Trinity.

Juan B. Iguiniz, «The National Coat of Arms: A Documented and Illustrated Historical Monograph», Member of the Royal Academy of History, 37 pages, Bouret Widow's Bookstore, Rue Visconti 53, Paris 23, Avenida Cinco de Mayo 45, Mexico 45, printed by Franco-Mexican Printing Company, S.A., calle de la Academia 10, Mexico, 1920.

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A work focusing on the national arms of Mexico.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Castilian language and In black and white.

The author is Iguiniz, Juan B..

Internal resources: IguinizJB1920.Mexico.pdf PDF format.

Hans Ingeram, «Ingeram Codex», 142 pages, 1459.

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The first owner of this armorial was Archduke Albert VI of Austria. Hans Ingeram included in each page of his book from 1 to 6 coats of arms, he dedicated the initial part to the Habsburg coats of arms, to imaginary coats of arms and to the coats of arms of European kingdoms, generally using 4 coats of arms per page, and dedicated the final 2/3 of its content to depicting 6 coats of arms per page of the lower German nobility, especially nobles belonging to a special type of «associations» whose purpose was the organization of tournaments. A monograph on this armorial can be consulted in [Becher, C.; Gamber, O.; 1986].

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Bibliographical reference of century XV.

Classification: Manuscript and Armorial roll.

The author is Ingeram, Hans.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Becher, C.; Gamber, O.; 1986

External resources:

• Ingeram Codex.
• Images of the armorial.
• Google Books.

Bernard Juby, «The Splendour of the Modern Heraldic Bookplate Artist», Modern-day, world-wide heraldic bookplate artists, their cv's and examples of their work, volume I, edited by White Rose-Ankh, DIN A4 size, black and white and full color, 130 pages, ISBN 5-8000136-242849, Church Crookham, Hampshire, England, 30th of november de 2019.

In the photo of page 61 there are 2 of my book plates for Mark Antony Hatsis, 1^st row with the peacock in his pride, and Charles R. Peoples II, 2^nd row with the lion with a bow.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: English language and Black and white and color illustrations.

Author: Juby, Bernard.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

• Dr. Antonio Salmerón, book plates, pages 58-61

External resource:

• Lulu Books.

Daniel King, «The Vale-Royal of England or, The County Palatine of Chester Illustrated, wherein is Contained a Geographical and Historical Description of that Famous County, with all its Hundreds and Seats of the Nobility, Gentry and Freeholders», edited and published by Daniel King, engraver, book sponsored by Peter Venables, Baron of Kinderton, Chester, Cheshire County, 1656.

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The book includes around 520 coats of arms of Cheshire, with black and white illustrations, where the metals and colors are indicated by a letter code.

The coat of arms that illustrates this bibliographic reference is one of those recorded in this book and corresponds to the coat of arms of Abadía de Delacres, with the difference that here the crozier faces the right side of the shield, unlike the one represented in this book, which, like other croziers in this book, faces the left side of the shield.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVII.

Author: King, Daniel.

External resources:

• On IberLibro.
• On Cheshire heraldry.
• The coat of arms of the book's sponsor.

Tomáš Kleisner, «Amat Victoria Curam: The Device of Archduke Matthias on his Medals», Studia Rudolphina, issue 9, pages 87-99, bulletin of the Research Center for Visual Arts and Culture in the Age of Rudolf II (Research Center for Graphic Arts and Culture in the Age of Rudolf II, founded in January 2000), from the Institute of Art History, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. edited by Lubomír Konecný and Beket Bukovinská, published by Artefactum, ISBN 978-80-86890-27-2, ISSN 1213-5372, Prague, 2009.

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The article reviews the use of the motto «Amat victoria curam» by Archduke Matthias on his medals and coats of arms, which he used as early as 1579, at the age of 22.

Regarding the origin of the motto «Amat victoria curam», Tomáš Kleisner refers us to the verses of [Catullus, C. V.; Century I B.C.; poem LVII, verse 16].

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

The author is Kleisner, Tomáš.

External resources:

• Historický ústav AV CR.
• The coat of arms of Archduke Matthias.

Internal resources: KleisnerT2009.AmatVictoriaCuram.Original.pdf original and KleisnerT2009.AmatVictoriaCuram.Resumen.pdf summary.

Amancio Labandeira Fernández, «The Passo Honroso of Suero de Quiñones. Introduction and edition by Amancio Labandeira Fernández», 438 pages, 24 plates, 8 genealogical trees, Fundación Universitaria Española, Collection Clásicos Olvidados of Espasa-Calpe, Madrid, 1977.

This edition, written by Clemente Bravo Guarida, provides an updated account of the famous «Passo Honroso», based on [Rodríguez de Lena, P.; Century XVI], undertaken by the renowned knight Suero de Quiñones and his 9 companions against 68 knights in 1434 at the bridge of Órbigo.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Castilian language.

Author: Labandeira Fernández, Amancio.

P. Louis Lainé, J. J. L. Lainé, «Archives généalogiques et historiques de la noblesse de France, ou, Recueil de preuves, mémoires et notices généralogiques, servant à constater l'origine, la filiation, les alliances et lés illustrations religieuses, civiles et militaires de diverses maisons et familles nobles du royaume; Avec la collection des nobiliaires généraux des provinces de France», 11 volumes from 1828 to 1850, published by M. Lainé, printed by De Hauquelin et Dautriche, París, 1844.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

Classification: French language and In black and white.

The 2 authors are Lainé, P. Louis and Lainé, J. J. L..

External resources:

• Google books, Volume I, 1828.
• Google books, Volume II, 1829.
• Google books, Volume III, 1830.
• Google books, Volume IV, 1834.
• Google books, Volume V, 1836.
• Google books, Volume VI, 1839.
• Google books, Volume VII, 1841.
• Google books, Volume VIII, 1843.
• Google books, Volume IX, 1844.
• Google books, Volume X, 1846.
• Google books, Volume XI, 1850.

William Langton, «The Visitation of Lancashire and a part of Cheshire, made in the twenty-fourth year of the reign of King Henry the Eighth, A.D. 1533, by special commission of Thomas Benolte (Benalt), Clarencieux», Chetham Society, Manchester, 1876.

In 1876 the first part of this book was published and in 1882 the second part. The cover of the book refers to «Thomas Benalt», but it might actually be «Thomas Benolte» or «Thomas Benolt»

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

The author is Langton, William.

External links:

• Heraldic Visitations.
• PDF Format.

Sir David Lindsay, «Facsimile of an Ancient Heraldic Manuscript Emblazoned by Sir David Lyndsay of the Mount, Lyon King of Arms, 1542», engraved by W. H. Lizars, published by W. & D. Laing, Edinburgh, 1822.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

Classification: English language and Black and white with color plates.

The author is Lindsay, David.

External resource:

• Archive.org.

Internal resources: LindsayD1822.FacsimileHeraldicManuscript.pdf.

José de Liñán y Eguizábal, Count of Doña Marina, «Armorial of Aragon», printed by Establecimiento Tipográfico de L. Pérez, Huesca, 1911.

This book is part of a collection that also includes: «Heraldic Mottos» and «Heraldic Dictionary».

A facsimile edition exists, edited by Guillermo Redondo Veintemillas and Alberto Montaner Frutos, published by Institución Fernando el Católico, Zaragoza, 1994.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: De bibliotheca, Armorial roll, Dictionary, In black and white and Castilian language.

Author: Liñán y Eguizábal, José de.

External link:

• Digital format.

Internal resources: LinanEguizabalJ1911.ArmorialDeAragon.Color.pdf PDF version scanned in color, although the book is in black and white, it looks more natural, LinanEguizabalJ1911.ArmorialDeAragon.BN.pdf PDF version scanned in black and white, it looks less natural and Facsimile edition in physical paper format.

Nicolas de Lutzelbourg, lord of Fléville and captain of Nancy, «Roll of arms», sixteenth century (the author lived between 1485? and 1547), manuscript in French on parchment, with 230 pages numbered later with pencil the odd pages from 1 to 115, 29 x 21 cm, Bibliothèque-Médiathèque of Nancy digitized, source of the images with open license.

Video of 120 seconds composed for the Biblioteca Genealógica, Heráldica y Nobiliaria. Music by Georg Philipp Telemann (1681, 1767), Concerto for 4 Violins No. 2, TWV 40: 202, II. Grave, interpreted by Viola Viva, with Creative Commons license of Attribution and ShareAlike.

Content examples: Scotland on pages 28, 29 and 30 with 61 coat of arms; Aragon on page 33 with 11 coat of arms; Castile and Leon on page 35 with 8 coat of arms; Navarre on page 36 with 1 coat of arms; and Portugal on pages 37 and 38 with 27 coat of arms.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVI.

Classification: Manuscript, Armorial roll, French language and In color.

Author: Lutzelbourg, Nicolas de.

Here are the articles quoting this reference:

• Castile and Leon
• Portugal
• Royal arms of Scotland

External resources:

• Manuscript's record in the Bibliothèque-Médiathèque of Nancy.
• Manuscript's pages in the Bibliothèque-Médiathèque of Nancy.

Anonymous, «Genealogy of the Mǎ Family, 馬民家记», manuscript, from the late Ming to early Qing dynasty, 6 volumes, volume 1, 102 pages, volume 2, 304 pages, volume 3, 242 pages, volume 4, 202 pages, volume 5, 100 pages, and volume 6, 178 pages, total 1128 pages, dated between 1600 and 1735, circa 1735.

Disclaimer

These comments has been writen based on my limited knowledge of Classical Chinese. As such, it may contain inaccuracies or errors. I apologize for any errors and welcome corrections from those more knowledgeable in the subject. It is important to note that, although the manuscript is written in Classical Chinese, some characters in theses comments are in Simplified Chinese.

Cover

• The title of the work on the cover is «馬民家记», where:
  • «民家记» means Genealogy, and
  • «馬» is Mǎ in pīnyīn, it is the family name, literally meaning Horse.
• The character «馬» is an ideogram, representing a galloping horse:
  • the head faces left,
  • three horizontal lines to the right of the head represent the mane blowing in the wind,
  • the four vertical strokes below represent the legs, and
  • the curved stroke at the bottom right symbolizes the tail.
• Beneath the title on the cover, we read, from top to bottom and right to left, as is typical in traditional Chinese: «六写全» where:
  • «六» means six,
  • «写» means book, it hasn't plural, books for us, and
  • «全» can be translated as complete.
  Therefore, an English editor might have titled it «Complete work in 6 volumes».

Four generations

The title might suggest it is just the family tree of the Mǎ family, but it is actually a chronicle of the history of a lineage over four generations. Therefore, although it is dated between 1600 and 1735, it is likely written closer to 1735.

The manuscript narrates the deeds and actions of four generations of the Mǎ family from the city of Liáoyáng in northeastern China:

• Great-grandfather: Mǎ Mingpei (1600–1666),
• Grandfather: Mǎ Xiongzhen (1634–1677),
• Father: Mǎ Shiji (1650–1714),
• Son: Mǎ Guozhen (1666–1720).

It seems to be a story of ascent and descent:

• The great-grandfather was a significant figure.
• The grandfather was even more prominent, eventually assassinated, and posthumously awarded titles and an honorary name, «Wenyi».
• The father and son, though important, did not reach the heights of their predecessors.

This manuscript contains official titles, title grants, imperial praises for their actions, historical events, and also the poetic and literary works of the four generations.

Scanned for readability by Westerners

The correspondence between these 6 volumes and the 9 scaned PDF files is as follows:

• Volume 1: PDF 1.
• Volume 2: PDF 2 and PDF 3.
• Volume 3: PDF 4 and PDF 5.
• Volume 4: PDF 6 and PDF 7.
• Volume 5: PDF 8.
• Volume 6: PDF 9.

These 9 PDF files are the result of scanning the book, dividing volumes with many pages into 2 PDF files.

The Chinese books are read: from back to front, from right to left, and from top to bottom.

The scanning process was done so that what would be the last pages of the book for us, and the first for the Chinese, are at the beginning of the PDF. The pages are scanned in pairs to be readable by Westerners: starting from page 2-1, read from right to left, with 1 blank, and continuing 4-3, 6-5, 8-9... until the end of the PDF file.

The Chinese script used in this manuscript is clear and legible compared to other documents from that era.

Pages

6 volumes:

• volume 1, 51*2 = 102 pages,
• volume 2, 65*2+87*2 = 304 pages,
• volume 3, 66*2+55*2 = 242 pages,
• volume 4, 48*2+53*2 = 202 pages,
• volume 5, 50*2 = 100 pages, and
• volume 6, 89*2 = 178 pages,

total 102+304+242+202+100+178 = 1128 pages.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVI.

Classification: Manuscript, Classical Chinese language and In black and white.

Author: unknown.

External links:

• Library of the Congress.
• Volume 2, initial part.
• Volume 2, final part.
• Volume 3, initial part.
• Volume 3, final part.
• Volume 4, initial part.
• Volume 4, final part.
• Volume 5.
• Volume 6.

Internal resources: MaFamiliaXVIII.01a.tapas.pdf Volume 1 PDF format, MaFamiliaXVIII.02a.tapas.pdf Volume 2, initial part, PDF format, MaFamiliaXVIII.02b.pdf Volume 2, final part, PDF format, MaFamiliaXVIII.03a.tapas.pdf Volume 3, initial part, PDF format, MaFamiliaXVIII.03b.pdf Volume 3, final part, PDF format, MaFamiliaXVIII.04a.tapas.pdf Volume 4, initial part, PDF format, MaFamiliaXVIII.04b.pdf Volume 4, final part, PDF format, MaFamiliaXVIII.05a.tapas.pdf Volume 5 PDF format and MaFamiliaXVIII.06a.tapas.pdf Volume 6 PDF format.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVI.

Classification: Manuscript, Classical Chinese language and In black and white.

Author: unknown.

External links:

• Library of the Congress.
• Volume 2, initial part.
• Volume 2, final part.
• Volume 3, initial part.
• Volume 3, final part.
• Volume 4, initial part.
• Volume 4, final part.
• Volume 5.
• Volume 6.

Internal resources: MaFamiliaXVIII.01a.tapas.pdf Volume 1 PDF format, MaFamiliaXVIII.02a.tapas.pdf Volume 2, initial part, PDF format, MaFamiliaXVIII.02b.pdf Volume 2, final part, PDF format, MaFamiliaXVIII.03a.tapas.pdf Volume 3, initial part, PDF format, MaFamiliaXVIII.03b.pdf Volume 3, final part, PDF format, MaFamiliaXVIII.04a.tapas.pdf Volume 4, initial part, PDF format, MaFamiliaXVIII.04b.pdf Volume 4, final part, PDF format, MaFamiliaXVIII.05a.tapas.pdf Volume 5 PDF format and MaFamiliaXVIII.06a.tapas.pdf Volume 6 PDF format.

Anonymous, «Große Heidelberger Liederhandschrift», University Library of Heidelberg, call number Codex Palatinus Germanicus 848, 852 pages, numbered from folio 1 to folio 426 v and r each side, parchment, 35.5 x 25 centimeters, manuscript in Middle High German, circa 1300-1340.

Von Wengen, folio 300r

Contents

The «Codex Manesse», also known as the «Great Heidelberg Book of Songs», Codex Palatinus Germanicus 848, is the most comprehensive collection of ballads and epigrammatic poetry in Middle High German. The manuscript contains almost 6000 verses from 140 poets, making it a key source for medieval German lyrics. The manuscript is written in gothic letters by several hands and is famous for its glorious colorful full-page miniatures, each dedicated to one of the 137 poets. The miniatures illustrate the poets in idealized, courtly scenes and are considered a significant document of Gothic illumination from the Upper Rhine region. It is not an armorial, but some of the illustrations feature coats of arms, including helmets with their crests.

The Manesse family

This codex was completed around the year 1304, although some parts may have been added later, up until the mid-14^th century. Therefore, an approximate date of 1315 is often used as a general reference for the codex in its most complete state. The author of the codex is not known in the modern sense of the word. However, its compilation and sponsorship are attributed to the Manesse family, a patrician family from Zurich, particularly Rudolf II Manesse and his son Rudolf III Manesse, who likely commissioned and financed the creation of the codex.

Ownership history

The early history of the manuscript is not well-documented, by the end of the 16^th century, it was in the possession of the Swiss Calvinist Johann Philipp von Hohensax. In 1607, the codex was claimed by the Prince Elector Frederick IV and brought to Heidelberg. During the Thirty Years' War, the manuscript was taken into exile to avoid capture. After the death of Frederick V in 1632, the manuscript was auctioned and eventually found its way to the Royal Library in Paris, where it remained for 230 years. In 1888, the manuscript was returned to Germany after a complex exchange deal orchestrated by bookseller Karl Ignaz Trübner. It is now preserved in the University Library of Heidelberg.

Condition and preservation

The turbulent history of the «Codex Manesse» has left its mark, with many miniatures showing damage from color abrasions and ink corrosion. Due to its fragile condition, the original codex is kept in an air-conditioned safe and is rarely exhibited. Facsimile editions have been produced over the years, including a full-facsimile published by Insel Verlag in 1925-1927.

Exhibitions and legacy

The «Codex Manesse» has been the subject of numerous exhibitions, including a comprehensive display in 1988 and another during the 625^th anniversary of the University of Heidelberg in 2010-2011. It remains one of the most precious treasures of the University Library of Heidelberg and a cornerstone in the study of medieval German literature and art.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIV.

Classification: Manuscript, German language and In color.

The author is anonymous.

External resources:

• University Library of Heidelberg.
• Digital version to navigate.

Internal resources: Manesse1315.pdf Armorial in PDF format.

Józef Marecki, «Barwa w heraldyce» ~ «Color in heraldry», [Redakcja, P.; Mareckiego, J.; Rotter, L.; 2012; páginas 65-81], edited by Wydawnictwo Naukowe ~ Scientific Editorial of la Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawla II, 17 pages, Cracow, 2012.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Symbolism, In black and white, Polish language and Article.

The author is Marecki, Józef.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Grzeszkowiak, Tomasz Arkadiusz

Lord Marshal, «The Lord Marshal's Roll», deposited in the Society of Antiquaries of London, code ms664, volume 1, ff 19-25, contains 565 painted shields, of which 42 are blank and 48 do not have the name of their associated holder, dated 1295.

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This armorial contains the systematic error of representing, in many of its registered shields, the metal gold as metal silver, and some of its shields are not easy to decipher. Therefore, this armorial cannot be considered a completely reliable and definitive source of certain coats of arms.

[Brault, G. J.; 1997] is a good reference for the analysis of this armorial and in Brian Timms you can see a current interpretation of the coats of arms recorded in it, among them the shield of William de Colebrand that illustrates this bibliographic reference.

At the beginning of the second half of the 13th century, the use of coats of arms increased, this increase led to the appearance of the first armorials in which the name of their holders was recorded along with the blazon describing their coats of arms, possibly including the painted shields.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIII.

Author: Marshal, Lord.

Here are the articles quoting this reference:

• Brault, G. J.; 1997
• Colebrand, William de

External link:

• Boydell and Brewer.

Juan José Martinena Ruiz, «Book of Armory of the Kingdom of Navarra: Introduction, Study, and Notes», published by the Institución Príncipe de Viana, 350 pages, ISBN 84-235-0557-X, Pamplona, 1982.

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Introduction, study, and notes on the armorial [Bosque, J. del; 1540]. On pages 122 and 123, the coats of arms of the «ricoshombres» of Navarra, or «twelve barons of the major houses» as they are also called, surrounding the king's coat of arms in this armorial are compiled and transcribed.

The coat of arms accompanying this bibliographic reference is that of Almorrabides de Navarra following Juan del Bosque.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

The author is Martinena Ruiz, Juan José.

Here are the articles quoting this reference:

• Bosque, J. del; 1540
• Martinena Ruiz, J. J.; Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, F.; 2001

External resources:

• Record in Sancho el Sabio.
• Pages 122 and 123.

Juan José Martinena Ruiz and Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, «Book of Armory of the Kingdom of Navarra», Published by the Institución Príncipe de Viana, Directorate-General for Culture, Government of Navarra, 484 pages, ISBN-13 978-84-235-2166-1, ISBN-10 84-235-2166-4, Pamplona, 2001.

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Reproduction and transcription of the manuscript armorial [Bosque, J. del; 1540], that is, the copy of the «Book of Armory of the Kingdom of Navarra», preserved in the General Archive of Navarra.

The coat of arms accompanying this bibliographic reference is that of Rada de Navarra following Juan del Bosque.

Both authors had already written and published, separately, about the armorial [Bosque, J. del; 1540], an example of the first is [Martinena Ruiz, J. J.; 1982] and an example of the second is [Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, F.; 1974].

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: De bibliotheca.

The 2 authors are Martinena Ruiz, Juan José and Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, Faustino.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Bosque, J. del; 1540

External links:

• Record in Sancho el Sabio.
• National Library of Spain.

José Antonio Martín Fuertes, Universidad de León, «El Signum Regís en el Reino de León (1157-1230), Notas Sobre su Simbolismo (I)», Revista Argutorio, 4^th year, number 9, pages 15 to 19, Cultural Magazine edited by the Monte Irago Cultural Association, Astorga, 2^nd half of 2002.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

The author is Martín Fuertes, José Antonio.

External resources:

• Rioja University.
• Rioja University: PDF format.

Internal resources: MartinFuertesJA2002.SignumRegis.pdf.

Javier Martínez de Aguirre Aldaz, «Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués: Researcher of Navarrese Heraldry», Revista Príncipe de Viana, ISSN 0032-8472, year number 68, issue number 241, dedicated to the tribute to Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, pages 343-358, Government of Navarra, Institución Príncipe de Viana, Pamplona, 2007.

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This article highlights the analysis of the importance of the publication of [Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, F.; 1963] to understand what is possibly the true origin of the shield of Navarra, surpassing the legends about the chains (the most widespread being the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa and the less widespread of Archangel Michael and the devil turned dragon), and basing its origin on the evolution of the shield's block to the radiated block, as elements of defensive reinforcement, giving rise to the carbuncle as a heraldic element.

It also describes well how, over time, this theory of the radiated block and the carbuncle, permeated Navarrese society, in parallel with political changes, and the historical and heraldic academic opinion.

Javier Martínez de Aguirre Aldaz had already published together with Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, 7 years earlier about the shield of Navarra, [Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, F.; Martínez de Aguirre, J.; 2000].

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Author: Martínez de Aguirre Aldaz, Javier.

Bibliographic reference mentioned in the following articles:

• Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, F.; 1963
• Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, F.; 1974
• Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, F.; Martínez de Aguirre, J.; 2000

External link:

• Navarra, PDF format.

Internal resources: MartínezAguirreJ2007.MenendezPidalNavarra.pdf.

Leo Aryeh Mayer, «Saracenic Heraldry: A Survey», published by the University of Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1933.

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The work provides a fully documented armorial roll of Saracenic sultans, princes, and knights, designed to meet the frequently expressed wish of students of Muslim archaeology. It is a fundamental reference work and remains as one of the most authoritative works on this subject.

José Miguel de Mayoralgo y Lodo, Count of Acevedos, «The Nobility of Cáceres and Their Armories», numbered edition, Institute of Heraldic and Genealogical Studies of Extremadura, IEHGE, Cáceres, 2019.

Ramon Medél, «The Spanish Blazon or Heraldic Science, Coats of Arms of the Different Kingdoms into which Spain has been divided, and of the Noble Families thereof», work adorned with 40 lithographed plates, printer J. Guerrero, Conde del Asalto Street 73, Barcelona, 1846.

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The author's name «Ramon Medél» is written as the author himself writes it and not «Ramón Medel» as it is written in other bibliographies.

• The book first deals with the use of armories and the origin of the blazon, the shape of the coat of arms, the metals, colors, and linings, the partitions of the field and the honorable charges.
• Ramon Medél continues writing about the figures and other heraldic terms, organizing them as a dictionary almost until the end of the book, interspersing within this dictionary chapters dedicated to specific topics. For example, within the letter «C», he intersperses chapters on crowns, the crest, the mantling, the collars of orders, the «vanderas», the supporters and the supporters, the motto, the «pavilion», all the above including examples of specific blazons, the arms of Spain, covering all these topics within the letter «C» from page 84, after the term «cordado», to page 167, which begins with the term «corriendo», this makes it a bit difficult to use this book as a dictionary, unless the reader uses bookmarks. Likewise, within the letter «O», he includes a long chapter dedicated to the military orders and the crosses of distinction.
• After finishing the previous dictionary, in the final part of the book's text, he deals with the rules and the particular «exceptions» of blazon, the differences in armories, and the order in blazoning the coats of arms.
• From page 281, until the end of the book, it includes lithographs in both black and white and color, starting with a small royal coat of arms of Spain, ending with the coat of arms of Guillermo Ignacio Cifré de Colonia, and going through theoretical explanatory illustrations of partitions, charges, etc., civil coats of arms, family coats of arms, and even imaginary coats of arms such as the arms of El Cid Campeador or those of the Suevi kings.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

The author is Medél, Ramon.

Internal resources: MedelR1846.BlasonEspañolCienciaHeraldica.pdf.

Claude-François Menestrier, member of the Society of Jesus, «Le veritable art du blason et la pratique des Armoiries depuis leur Institution», «Auec Privilege du Roy»~avec le privilège du roi, 10 pages of introduction, 415 pages of content, 14 pages of indexes and 339 pages in total, Chez Benoît Coral, ruë Merciere à la Victoire, Lyon, 1659.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVII.

Classification: In black and white and French language.

Author: Menestrier, Claude-François.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

• Oschoven of the Rhin

External link:

• Edition of 1671.

Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, «A Leónese Heraldic Embroidery: the Carbuncle in Medieval Coats of Arms», published in the journal Armas e Troféus, 2^nd series, Volume IV, pages 5-19, Braga, 1963.

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Article reissued and included, 36 years later, in his book [Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, F.; 1999; pages 47-66].

Also published later in the Revista Príncipe de Viana, ISSN 0032-8472, year number 68, issue number 241, dedicated to the tribute to Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, pages 403-412, Government of Navarra, Institución Príncipe de Viana, Pamplona, 2007.

[Martínez de Aguirre, J.; 2007; page 344 and following] provides a good analysis of the importance of this work both for Navarrese heraldry and specifically for its coat of arms, as well as for heraldry in general.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Author: Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, Faustino.

The following articles cite this bibliographic reference:

• Martínez de Aguirre, J.; 2007
• Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, F.; 1999

External resource:

• University of La Rioja.

Internal resources: MenendezPidalDeNavascuesF1963.BordadoHeraldicoLeonesCarbuncloEscudosMedievales.pdf.

Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, «Book of Armory of the Kingdom of Navarra: Transcription and Study», published by La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca, 160 pages, ISBN 84-248-0119-9, Bilbao, 1974.

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Transcription and study of the Navarrese manuscript armorial [Bosque, J. del; 1540], preserved in the General Archive of Navarra.

This book contains an introduction, the transcription of the armorial texts, its photographic reproduction, which also includes the Navarrese coats of arms of the Reyneck armorial and the coat of arms of the refectory of the Cathedral of Santa María la Real de Pamplona, an index of names, a heraldic table, and a set of appendices [Martínez de Aguirre, J.; 2007; page 351].

The coat of arms accompanying this bibliographic reference is that of Qasqante de Navarra following, precisely, the armorial of Juan del Bosque.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

The author is Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, Faustino.

The following articles cite this bibliographic reference:

• Bosque, J. del; 1540
• Martinena Ruiz, J. J.; Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, F.; 2001

External links:

• Record in the National Library of Spain.
• Sancho el Sabio.

Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, «Rare and Ambiguous Charges of Spanish Heraldry», Revista Hidalguía, issue 190 and 191, Ediciones Hidalguía, Madrid, 1985.

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The coat of arms with squares accompanying this bibliographic reference is that of Guebara de Navarra, an interpretation based on that by [Bosque, J. del; 1540]. I chose this coat of arms because Faustino Menéndez Pidal writes precisely about it and about the squares as a figure typical of Spanish heraldry, for example, he does so on pages 474 and 475 of this article.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Author: Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, Faustino.

External link:

• University of La Rioja.

Internal resources: MenendezPidalDeNavascuesF1985.MueblesRarosHeraldicaEspañola.pdf.

Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, «Spanish Heraldic Panorama: Epochs and Regions in the Medieval Period», paper presented at the I Seminar on Heraldry and Genealogy, organized by the Zurita Chair of the Institución Fernando el Católico, in Zaragoza, on December 14 and 15, 1984, published in I Seminar on Heraldry and Genealogy, publication number 1.138 of the Institución Fernando el Católico, pages 5-21, Zaragoza, 1988.

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Also published later in the Revista Príncipe de Viana, ISSN 0032-8472, year number 68, issue number 241, dedicated to the tribute to Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, pages 533-553, Government of Navarra, Institución Príncipe de Viana, Pamplona, 2007.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Author: Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, Faustino.

External link:

• University of La Rioja.

Internal resources: MenendezPidalDeNavascuesF1988.PanoramaHeraldicoEspanolEpocasYRegionesEnElPeriodoMedieval.pdf.

Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, «Lions and Castles: Heraldic Emblems in Spain», published by the Real Academia de la Historia, ISBN 9788489512399, 306 pages, Madrid, 1999.

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This book also includes his article [Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, F.; 1963] which, based on the observation of a «Leonese embroidery» concludes about the carbuncle and the coat of arms of Navarra.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

The author is Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, Faustino.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, F.; 1963

Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, «Los emblemas heráldicos: novecientos años de historia», Royal Cavalry Armory of Seville, Culture and Nobility Collection, 508 pages, ISBN.13 9788494139208, Seville, 2014.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: In color and Castilian language.

Author: Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, Faustino.

Internal resources: Physical book.

Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, «Los sellos en nuestra Historia», published by the Royal Academy of History and the Official State Gazette, 478 pages, ISBN.10 8434024683, ISBN.13 9788434024687, Madrid, 2018.

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This work is a contribution to the studies on sigillography in Spain. It compiles the experience of the author, whose initial research on this subject was published in the 1980s. After an overview of the earliest evidence of seals in the world, the book presents a comprehensive collection of the types used in Spain, from pre-Roman times to the present day, including those of Muslims and Jews. The seals are not merely juxtaposed, but their mutual relationships and the human causes of their existence and graphic content are explained. The text is complemented by a photographic repertoire that facilitates better understanding.

Table of contents

• 1. The study of seals.
• 2. A human invention.
• 3. Historical testimonies, origins, and early diffusion.
• 4. Pre-Roman and Roman Spain.
• 5. Early medieval seals.
• 6. Subscription seals.
• 7. Subscription seals and their derivatives I.
• 8. Subscription seals and their derivatives II.
• 9. Subscription seals and their derivatives III.
• 10. Subscription seals and their derivatives IV.
• 11. Forged matrices.
• 12. New sealing techniques.
• 13. Non-diplomatic seals.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Castilian language and In color.

The author is Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, Faustino.

Internal resources: MenendezPidalDeNavascuesF2018Sellos.pdf PDF format.

Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués and Javier Martínez de Aguirre Aldaz, «The Coat of Arms of Navarra», published by the Government of Navarra, Department of Presidency, Justice, and Interior, ISBN 84-235-2016-1, 115 pages, Pamplona, 2000.

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This is one of the many publications by Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués on the Navarrese armorial [Bosque, J. del; 1540]. Later, 7 years after, Javier Martínez de Aguirre Aldaz, co-author of this book, would publish an interesting article, [Martínez de Aguirre, J.; 2007], about Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués as a researcher of Navarrese heraldry.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

The 2 authors are Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, Faustino and Martínez de Aguirre Aldaz, Javier.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Martínez de Aguirre, J.; 2007

External link:

• Record in Sancho el Sabio.

Luis Messía de la Cerda y Pita, «Heráldica española, el diseño heráldico», illustrated in color by Calusa y Tete Messia de la Cerda y Gabeiras, edited by Aldaba Ediciones SA Madrid, 1990.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Castilian language and Black and white and color illustrations.

The author is Messía de la Cerda y Pita, Luis.

Internal resources: Paper book.

Endika de Mogrobejo Zabala, «Blasones y Linajes de Euskalerria», 10 volumes, Volume I A-Alcerreca, Volume II Alciba-Angui, Volume III Angulo-Astu, Volume IV Astun-Bun, Volume V Busta-Elua, Volume VI Elus-Gorniz, Volume VII Gordu-Laca, Volume VIII Lacar-Merca, Volume IX Mere-Salez, Volume X Salinas-Z, edited by Editorial Amigos del Libro Vasco, printed by Grafo SA, ISBN of the complete work 84-7886-026-6, legal Deposit BI-469-1991, Bilbao, 1991.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: De bibliotheca, Black and white with color plates and Castilian language.

Author: Mogrobejo Zabala, Endika de.

Juan Mogrovejo de la Cerda, «Árbol de los Veras compuesto por Alonso López de Haro, Criado de Su Majestad y Ministro de su Real Consejo de las Órdenes y Cronista de los Reinos de Castilla y León», bound in original parchment, Milan, 1636.

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Contents

The book contains a total of 66 main genealogical trees, each with an average of 28 nodes/persons, totaling over 1700 nodes. Additionally, it includes 41 lines of descent with approximately 1150 individuals. The content is composed of:

• Title page with the coat of arms of the Veras.
• Errata and additions.
• Dedication.
• Warnings and introduction by Juan Mogrovejo de la Cerda, folios 1 to 4.
• Tree of the Veras, folios 6 to 66, with 61 genealogical trees.
• Eulogies of five Christian princes known for their virtue and valor, with trees of their descendants up to the Count of La Roca, folios 67 to 72.
• Linear trees of descent from Don Fernando Carlos Antonio de Vera, Doña María Antonia de Vera y Tovar, and Doña Catalina de Vera, folios 73 to 114, with 41 trees.
• Limitations of the work on folio 115.
• Indexes with handwritten corrections, folios 116 to 122.
• Additions to the edition, including a genealogical tree of Don Luis Francisco de la Cerda Sandobal y Rojas, Marqués de Alcalá.
• Additional handwritten documents attached but not bound.

In the previous image, The canting arms of Juan Antonio de Vera y Zúñiga, Count of La Roca, in this book about his genealogy, are canting because «vair~veros~Vera».

The motto in the beak of his sable eagle is «Veritas Vincit», although some authors claim that not all his trees honor this motto [Vera-Ortiz, J.A.; 2009].

The colored version of the coat of arms in this image was painted by me. Blazon: Vair ancient, a bordure gules charged with eight saltires couped Or.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVII.

Classification: De bibliotheca, In black and white and Castilian language.

The author is Mogrovejo de la Cerda, Juan.

The following articles cite this bibliographic reference:

• Vera, lineage of Aragon
• Vera-Ortiz, J.A.; 2009

External resource:

• National Librari of Spain, Vera's tree.

Internal resources: Physical book..

Iain Moncreiffe of Easter Moncreiffe, Advocate, Kintyre Pursuivant of Arms, Don Pottinger, Herald Painter Extraordinary to the Court of the Lord Lyon King of Arms, «Simple Heraldry», first edition, edited by Thomas Nelson and Sons, 63 pages, color illustrations, 25 centimeters, hardcover, Edinburgh, 1953.

My edition has been published 1993 by The Promotional Reprint Company Limited exclusively for Bookman Ltd, Desford Road, Enderby, Leicester, LE9 5AD, Coles in Canada, Barnes & Noble in America, and Treasure Press in Australia, ISBN 1 85648 115 8, Printed and bound in Hong Kong.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: De bibliotheca, In color and English language.

The 2 authors are Moncreiffe, Iain and Pottinger, Don.

Internal resources: Physical book on paper.

Bernabé Moreno de Vargas, Perpetual councilor of the City of Mérida, «Discourse on the Nobility of Spain», corrected and added by the same author, A.E., Madrid, printed in the printing house of Antonio Espinosa, year of M. DCC. XCV. 1795. available at Escribano's Bookstore, Carretas street, Madrid, 1795

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Bibliographical reference of century XVIII.

Classification: Castilian language and In black and white.

Author: Moreno de Vargas, Bernabé.

Internal resources: MorenoDeVargasB1795.DiscursosDeLaNobleza.pdf.

Ottfried Neubecker, Member, Governing Board International Academy Of Heraldry «Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning», with contributions by J. P. Brooke-Little, Richmond Herald Of Arms, designed by Robert Tobler, first published in Great Britain in 1977 original graphic concept by Emil Buhrer, edition by Floyd Yearout, managing Editor Francine Peeters, editor of the original in German Corinna Reich, illustrations by Franz Coray and Werner Luzi, picture acquisition by Edith Burgler, production manager Franz Gisler, translator of German text Nicholas Fry, copy editor and proofreader Daryl Sharp, composition by Hertig & Co. AG, Biel, Switzerland, photolithography by Kreienbuhl AG, Lucerne and Actual, Biel, Switzerland, printed by Polygraphische Gesellschaft, Laupen, Switzerland, bound by Webb Son and Company Limited, copyright 1976 by McGraw-Hill Book Co, UK Limited, Maidenhead, England, a McGraw-Hill Co-Publication, 294 pages, ISBN 0 354 04157 6, by Macdonald and Jane's Publishers, 8 Shepherdess Walk, London, 1976.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: De bibliotheca, In color and English language.

The author is Neubecker, Ottfried.

Internal resources: Physical book on paper.

Rafael Nieto y Cortadellas, «La Generala Santander y sus parientes habaneros los Pontón», 35 pages, 25 centimeters, about the family Sáenz del Pontón, National Archive of Cuba, reprinted edition by the National Archive Bulletin, volume LVI, 1957.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Castilian language.

The author is Nieto y Cortadellas, Rafael.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Anonymous; 1800a

External links:

• Bibliographic reference in Google.
• Bibliographic reference in Hathi Trust.

Alexander Nisbet, «System of Heraldry Speculative and Practical: With the True Art of Blazon», subtitle «according to the most approved heralds in Europe: illustrated with suitable examples of armoria figures, and achievements of the most considerable surnames and families in Scotland, together with historical and genealogical memorials relative thereto», printed by J. MackEuen, Edinburgh, 1722.

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This is the very 1^st edition of this book and I consult the edition [Nisbet, A.; 1816].

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Bibliographical reference of century XVIII.

Author: Nisbet, Alexander.

Bibliographic reference mentioned in the following articles:

• Nisbet, A.; 1816
• Parker, J. H.; 1847

External resource:

• Alexander Nisbet, Walter Macfarlan, and a Question of Authorship.

Alexander Nisbet, «System of Heraldry Speculative and Practical: With the True Art of Blazon», subtitle «according to the most approved heralds in Europe: illustrated with suitable examples of armoria figures, and achievements of the most considerable surnames and families in Scotland, together with historical and genealogical memorials relative thereto», printed by William Blackwood de Ediburgo and Rodwell and Martin of London, Edinburgh, 1816.

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This is the edition I consult and the 1^st edition of this book is [Nisbet, A.; 1722].

The illustration accompanying this bibliographic reference corresponds to page 43 of this edition of 1816.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

The author is Nisbet, Alexander.

Here are the articles quoting this reference:

• Alexander Nisbet, schema
• Nisbet, A.; 1722

External links:

• Archive.org, details.
• Archive.org, document.

Internal resources: NisbetA1722.SystemHeraldry.pdf.

Anonymous, «Ortenburg Armorial», written and illuminated by various individuals in Bavaria, between 1466 and 1473.

This armorial likely contains coats of arms and flags of the «cuaterniones», groups of four, each representing different social groups within the Holy Roman Empire. It also illustrates the heraldic emblems of most Bavarian princes, nobles, territories, bishoprics, and prince-bishops. Although its execution is somewhat rudimentary, it remains a valuable resource on the heraldry of southern Germany in the late 15^th century.

By 1534, the manuscript had passed into the hands of the Counts of Ortenburg, near Passau, where heraldic emblems of the Ortenburg family and their ancestors were added. It remained with the family until 1953, when it was sold to the Bavarian State Library, where it is now preserved.

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Bibliographical reference of century XV.

Classification: Armorial roll, Manuscript, German language and In color.

Author: unknown.

External resource:

• Library of Congress.

Internal resources: Ortenburg1473.pdf Digital PDF version..

Claude Paradin, «Devises heroïqves», with woodcuts attributed to Bernard Salomon, published by Jean de Tournes and Guillaume Gazeau, second edition, first edition published in 1551, dedication dated January 15, 1556, 261 pages, Lyon, 1557.

Description

The book includes emblems that consist of a motto, mostly in Latin, with a few in French or Greek, a woodcut illustration, and an explanation in French. The emblems feature devices of kings and rulers, symbols from the Bible, classical history, and other sources.

The title page is framed within a grotesque ornamental border. The copy includes the signature of C.F. Lüdorf, handwritten, on the lower left corner of the title page verso. There is irregular pagination with misprinted page numbers, foxing, and narrow margins. The book does not include a table of contents.

Examples of the first mottos

• Nullis praefentior aether, page 7.
• Manet insontem grauis exitus, page 9.
• Secum seret omina mords, page 11.
• Hîc ratio tentandi aditus, page 12.
• Pignora cara sui, page 13.
• Animis illabere nostris, page 14.
• Fortuna fidem mutata nouauir, page 15.
• Nutrisco & extinguo, page 16.
• Monstrant Regibus astra viam, page 18.
• Donec totum impleat orbem, page 20.
• Immensi tremor Oceani, page 22.
• Vlcus auos Troix, page 25.
• Non sine causa, page 27.
• Plus outre, page 29.
• Imperium sine fine dedi, page 32.
• Inextricabilis error, page 34.
• Securitas altera, page 36.
• Dederit'ne viam casus'ue Deus'ue, page 38.
• Fortitudo eius Rhodum tenuit, page 39.
• Non inferiora secutus, page 41.
• Ance ferit, quam flamma micet, page 43.
• Precium non vile laborum, page 44.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVI.

Classification: Symbolism, In black and white and French language.

The author is Paradin, Claude.

External resource:

• Archive.org.

Internal resources: ParadinC1557.DevisesHeroiqves.pdf PDF format.

John Henry Parker, «A Glossary of Terms Used in British heraldry, with a chronological table illustrative of its rise and progress», 360 pages with pictures, printed by J. Shrimpton, Oxford, 1847.

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Author

John Henry Parker (1806-1884), the author of this book among others, was an English archaeologist, publisher, writer on architecture, member of The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (CB), and father of James Parker (1832 or 1833–1912), editor and author of [Parker, J.; 1894; A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry], a renewed edition of this book. Can be read about the relationship between these two books of father and son in [Stock, E.; 1895; The Antiquary, Volume XXXI].

In some places it is written that its author is Henry Gough, but I do not find within this book the author Henry Gough. The error is due to a later print of this book, see [Parker, J.; Gough, H.; 1966].

Parts of this book

• Preface, signed the 30th of November of 1846, pages I and II.
• Bibliography, with 21 bibliographic references in the page III, with 24 bibliographic references, including [Nisbet, A.; 1722] and 4 rolls of arms in the page IV, and with 4 bibliographic references in the page V.
• The page VI is empty.
• A chronological table illustrative of the rise and progress of armory, especially in England (see also shield, badge and crown) prom page VII to page XXIII.
• A list of all the abbats and priors of England who are known to have been mitred or to have sat in parliament subsequent to the beginning of the reign of Edward III, 2 pages XXIX and XXX,
• Glossary of terms used in british heraldry by alphabetical order, begining with «abased or abaissé» and ending with «zule», from page 1 to page 330.
• Addenda and corrigenda, from page 331 to 339.
• Alphabetical index, from page 341 to 360.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

Classification: Dictionary and English language.

The author is Parker, James Henry.

The following articles cite this bibliographic reference:

• Parker, J.; 1894
• Stock, E.; 1895

External links:

• Royal Collection Trust, RCIN 1052229, author John Henry Parker.
• John Henry Parker, archaeologist, writer and publisher.
• Archive.org (Henry Gough, erroneous co-author).
• Archive.org, document.
• Google books (Henry Gough, erroneous author).

Internal resources: ParkerJH1847.GlossaryTermsBritishHeraldry.pdf.

James Parker, «A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry, a New Edition with one Thousand Illustrations», XXVIII and 660 pages with pictures, edited by James Parker and Co., Oxford and London (at the 1^st page), printed by James Parker and Co., Crown Yard (at page 660), Oxford, October of 1894.

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Previous book and review

John Henry Parker, the father of James Parker, was also the editor and author of a previous book [Parker, J. H.; 1847; A Glossary of Terms Used in British heraldry]. James Parker, in the introduction of his book, writes about the innovations, updates and improvements he contemplates, which make it more a new book than a new edition of his father's.

A review and critics of this book can be readed in [Stock, E.; 1895; The Antiquary, Volume XXXI].

In some places it is written the name of Henry Gough as author of this book and, also, his father book, but I do not find within these books the author Henry Gough. The error is due to a later print of this book, see [Parker, J.; Gough, H.; 1966].

Bookplate and scanning process

The 6^th of September of 2007, a copy of this book from the library of Harvard University was digitized by Google. This copy of the Harvard University has a bookplate with

• a first text «Harvard College Library»,
• the seal of Hardvard University with its coat of arms, and
• a second text «From the bequest of Mary Osgood of Medford, Massachusetts».

This scanning of Google has errors mainly in the very first 8 pages, and its images are not well viewed in all digital reproductors, but this scanning was used for some digital editors for make new digital versions of this book, for example, [Parker, J.; 2010].

The last scanned page contains the loan record of this library, with stamps from the year 1976 to 2000.

Frontispiece and Oxford arms

This book contains a frontispiece with the coat of arms of Richard Willoughby, Esq. (Esquire), son and heir, ob. s. p. (obiit sine prole, died without issue~offspring~children, at least, without legitimate ones) 1471. The explanation of the arms and quarters of Richard Willoughby are at the pages 396, 397, 398 and 399, under the term «marshalling» arms.

On the page next to the frontispiece, under the full title of this book, there is an oval version of the coat of arms of the University of Oxford from the Schools Tower erected A.D. 1619, its blazon is «Azure, an open Book Argent, leathered Sable and Gules, garnished Or, charged with the motto Dominus Illuminatio Mea; between three open crowns Or, two and one».

Bibliographical references and dates

• The father's book [Parker, J. H.; 1847].
• The son's book [Parker, J.; 1894].
• A review of the book [Stock, E.; 1895].
• A paper reprint [Parker, J.; Gough, H.; 1966].
• A paper reprint [Parker, J.; 1970].
• A paper reprint [Parker, J.; 1971].
• The Google scanning process, 2007.
• An example of a digital edition [Parker, J.; 2010].

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

Classification: Dictionary and English language.

The author is Parker, James.

The following articles cite this bibliographic reference:

• Parker, J. H.; 1847
• Parker, J.; 1894
• Parker, J.; Gough, H.; 1966
• Stock, E.; 1895

External resources:

• On-line version coded by Saitou.
• Archive.org (Henry Gough, erroneous co-author).
• Archive.org, document.

Internal resources: ParkerJ1894.GlossaryTermsHeraldry.pdf.

James Parker, «A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry, a New Edition with one Thousand Illustrations», XXVIII and 660 pages with pictures, reprinted by F and W Media International Limited, formerly known as David and Charles Publishers, Exeter, Devon, 1970.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Dictionary and English language.

Author: Parker, James.

Here are the articles quoting this reference:

• Parker, J.; 1894
• Parker, J.; Gough, H.; 1966

James Parker, «A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry, a New Edition with one Thousand Illustrations», XXVIII and 660 pages with pictures, reprinted by Charles E. Tuttle Co., Rutland, Vermont, 1971.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Dictionary and English language.

Author: Parker, James.

Bibliographic reference mentioned in the following articles:

• Parker, J.; 1894
• Parker, J.; Gough, H.; 1966

James Parker, «A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry, a New Edition with one Thousand Illustrations», XXVIII and 660 pages with pictures, 714 scaned pages, digital book by Nabu Press, Charleston, South Carolina, 2010.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Dictionary and English language.

The author is Parker, James.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Parker, J.; 1894

James Parker, Henry Gough, «A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry, a New Edition with one Thousand Illustrations», XXVIII and 660 pages with pictures, reprinted by Gale Research Company, Detroit, 1966.

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Reprints

This book is a reprint of [Parker, J.; 1894], it maintains the number of pages, I do not know what Henry Gough contributed as an author, in some places Henry Gough is the first author, in others he is named as the sole author, I write his name as 2^nd author.

There are, at least, 2 addional paper reprints: [Parker, J.; 1970; David and Charles Publishers] and [Parker, J.; 1971; Charles E. Tuttle Co], and many digital versions.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Dictionary and English language.

The 2 authors are Parker, James and Gough, Henry.

Bibliographic reference mentioned in the following articles:

• Parker, J. H.; 1847
• Parker, J.; 1894

Robert John Parsons, heraldic painter at the College of Arms, «The Herald Painter», is an article derived from the lecture given by R. J. Parsons at The Heraldry Society on January 18, 1989, at the premises of «The Society of Antiquaries» at Burlington House, London, and later published in Coat of Arms, COA, An Heraldic Quarterly Magazine, issue 146, The Heraldry Society, Baldock, Hertfordshire, summer of 1989.

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This article presents a historical review of the heraldic painters at the «College of Arms» and analyzes the creation of coats of arms and other objects like badges, flags, stained glass, seals, etc. It is especially interesting for its view of the current stage of heraldic art and, even more, the description of the author's own working method.

I highly recommend reading this article and, here, I present some of the ideas that I highlighted while studying this text by R. J. Parsons, who is «herald painter to Her Majesty's College of Arms».

Tradition and innovation in heraldic art

Creativity, innovation, and achieving a unique style are fundamental characteristics of any self-respecting artist, but when artists enter the realm of heraldry and, especially when working for institutions like the College of Arms, the weight of the norms and rules of heraldry, its long historical tradition, the reverential respect towards it, the language of blazon, the need for a long initiation process, etc. can cause artists to curb their natural impulses, become intimidated, and adhere strictly to rules to avoid criticism, which hinders the introduction of new proposals, ideas, and styles, risking making heraldry a static and time-bound field.

R. J. Parsons' working method

Robert Parsons explains that the first phase of his method is to create the complete drawing of the coat of arms and its ornamentation on tracing paper, starting with the coat of arms and then outlining all the external ornamentation.

He does this considering that the main problem he must solve is reconciling the two-dimensionality of the coat of arms with the three-dimensionality of the external ornamental elements, such as the supporters, mantling, crest, etc. which must be designed as if enveloping the coat of arms. The extent to which this is achieved provides an idea of each artist's skill.

Silhouettes, expressiveness, and balance

R. J. Parsons believes that the silhouettes of the figures probably characterize each artist and their designs the most. For him, each silhouette must be bold and express emotions, and the silhouettes must maintain proportions that give balance to the whole, as there are no rules that guarantee a good aesthetic result.

To achieve boldness and expressiveness in the figures, especially in natural ones, the artist must emphasize certain features and stylize others, resulting in, for example, in beasts and birds, representations that diverge from natural reality.

Shape of the coat of arms and space

All delineation must be done within the chosen mouth shape for the coat of arms. These shapes have evolved over time, and the artist must consider that some shapes facilitate the internal composition of the coat of arms more than others. For example, he highlights the difficulty of fitting the pieces and figures within lozenge-shaped shields, traditionally carried by unmarried women.

Regardless of the chosen shape, pieces and figures must be arranged to use the entire internal space correctly, neither too small to leave space nor too large to make the whole crowded.

External ornamentation

Robert J. Parsons observes that nowadays the protocol rules that used to govern external ornamentation have been greatly relaxed, for example, regarding the shapes, positions, and orientations of the helmets depending on who would be the holder of the coat of arms, and this relaxation has favored art, aesthetics, and the balance of the whole coat of arms.

He states that of all the external ornamentation, and many heraldic artists will agree with him, the most complex to create are the supporters and tenants, and of the three, the tenants, i.e., human figures, are the most difficult.

Human figures do not have a proper heraldic characterization as lions, unicorns, boars, etc., do. The characterization of women and men in heraldry is done through their attire and the objects they carry or accompany them, with ancient attire and objects being the easiest to characterize, while the more modern and, even more so, the more naked they are, the more difficult and challenging it becomes to create heraldically attractive tenants.

As a general rule, Parsons advises that the visual weight of supporters, tenants, and tenants be similar to that of the coat of arms, so that they neither draw all the observer's attention due to their excessive size nor look ridiculous and incapable of performing their function, which is to support the visual weight of the coat of arms.

Tinctures, shadows, edges, and highlights

When he finishes the drawing phase, R. J. Parsons explains how he transfers it to a new paper support and, then:

• he starts by applying the tinctures for the metals,
• the first he applies is gold using gold powder, although it is known that other artists use gold leaf,
• then the metal silver is left as the white of the paper,
• then he proceeds with the colors, using gouache, an opaque watercolor, following the order from light to dark,
• so the first color he applies is gules, which he tends to make somewhat translucent,
• then the mid-tones, azure and vert.
• ending with sable, which he makes warmer with a touch of burnt sienna,
• after applying the tinctures, he adds shadows to suggest forms, noting that some schools say everything should be in flat inks, without shadows or highlights, and even without delineated edges as can be seen, for example, in Norsk Heraldisk Forening,
• then he delineates the silhouettes and
• finishes by adding highlights to bring the composition to life.

The motto or slogan is the last element with which Robert John Parsons completes the creation of a coat of arms.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

The author is Parsons, Robert John.

External resource:

• The Heraldry Society.

Internal resources: ParsonsRJ1989.TheHeraldPainter.docx.

Michel Pastoureau and Francisca Garvie, «Heraldry: Its Origins and Meaning», New Horizons collection, edited by Thames and Hudson, London, 1997.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Authors: Pastoureau, Michel and Garvie, Francisca.

Pedro IV of Aragon, also known as Pedro III of Aragon as he himself called, «Ordinance made by the very high and excellent Prince and Lord Lord Don Pedro the third King of Aragon, on the manner in which the Kings of Aragon will be consecrated and they themselves will be crowned», in the Royal Aragonese Chancery, 1353.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIV.

The author is Pedro IV de Aragón.

External link:

• Prince and Lord Lord Don Pedro the third King of Aragon.

Nigel Pennick, «Pagan Magic of the Northern Tradition: Customs, Rites, and Ceremonies», edited by Simon and Schuster, publicado por Destiny Books, ISBN.13 9781620553909, ISBN.10 1620553902, alternative ISBN.13 9781620553893, 352 pages, New York, 21th of May of 2015

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On page 119, Nigel Pennick wrote «According to Aristotelian precepts, each of the metals and tinctures», maybe he should have written heraldic term color, «possesses a spiritual virtue related to a particular planetary sphere. Or signifies and relates to the Sun; Argent, the Moon; Sable, Saturn; Azure, Jupiter; Gules, Mars; Vert, Venus; and Purpure, Mercury».

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

The author is Pennick, Nigel.

External resource:

• Google Books.

Silvester Petra Sancta, «De symbolis heroicis», a work consisting of 9 books, published by Antuerpiae, Ex officina Plantiniana Balthasaris Moreti, 480 pages with an additional 35 unnumbered pages, measuring 21 centimeters, Liège, 1634.

Description

The title page features an engraved pictorial border, signed by Peter Paul Rubens as the painter and Cornelis Galle as the engraver. The preface is signed by Silvester Petra Sancta, a member of the Society of Jesus, dated March 1634, specifically noted as «Leodij Kal. Mart. M.DC.XXXIV», indicating that the preface was signed in Liège on March 1, 1634.

The book includes the section titled «Elogium gentis Carafaeae ac stemma procerum eius» on pages XVII-LXXX, covering topics related to the Carafa family, including 7 genealogical trees with the family's coat of arms, «Gules, three bars Argent» repeated with or without cadency marks.

This work is notable for its engravings and symbolic content, including mottos and figures. It consists of nine books, with page 479 incorrectly numbered as 749, followed by page 780, and then 5 indexes that assist in finding specific symbols, such as the symbolism of the swan on page 16.

Petra Sancta's hatching code

in the engraving on page XVI is where Silvester Petra Sancta's hatching code is best appreciated, which is the most widely used in heraldry today, with the color Gules of the field represented by vertical lines and the metal Argent of the three bars in white.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVII.

Classification: Symbolism, In black and white and Latin language.

Author: Petra Sancta, Silvester.

External resources:

• Archive.org, version 00.
• Archive.org, version 01.

Internal resources: PietrasantaS1634.SymbolisHeroicis.00.pdf version 00, PDF format and PietrasantaS1634.SymbolisHeroicis.01.pdf version 01, PDF format.

Francisco Piferrer, «Treatise on Heraldry and Blazonry», illustrated by José Asensio y Torres, 292 pages, revised, corrected, and expanded by the same author, printed by Antonio Espinosa, Madrid, 1858.

Francisco Piferrer was a 19^th-century Spanish writer and historian, specialized in heraldry and genealogy. He was a prominent figure in the dissemination of nobiliary and heraldic history in Spain. Among his most notable works is this «Treatise on Heraldry and Blazon» published in 1858, a fundamental work that is still considered a reference in the field today. His work is valued for its meticulous documentation and for laying the foundations for other heraldic studies in Spain.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

Classification: De bibliotheca, Castilian language and In black and white.

Author: Piferrer, Francisco.

External resources:

• University of Granada, book record.
• University of Granada, original scanned PDF, under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License.

Internal resources: PiferrerF1858.22.TratadoHeraldicaBlason.UGr.B-014-074_2.pdf is the 1858 edition scanned into a digital PDF format by the University of Granada and A facsimile edition as a physical book on paper.

Fray Juan de Pineda, «Libro del Passo Honroso, defendido por el excelente caballero Suero de Quiñones», compiled from an old handwritten book, second edition, 68 pages. printed by Antonio de Sancha, Madrid, 1783.

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Fray Juan de Pineda, a Franciscan monk, compiled and abbreviated the original work by [Rodríguez de Lena, P.; Century XVI], in this edition, which is printed in a double-column format.

The book begins with the title «Comiénzase el libro del Passo Honroso: abreviado por fr. Juan de Pineda», which refers to the original work by Rodríguez de Lena. The main text recounts the heroic acts of Suero de Quiñones and his companions, detailing their 30-day defense of the Órbigo bridge against all challengers.

The book includes the full list of the 10 defenders, or maintainers, on page 67, and the 68 conquerors, or adventurers, on pages 67 and 68, and reports the results of the jousts for all of them.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVIII.

Classification: Castilian language and In black and white.

The author is Pineda, Juan de.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

• Rodríguez de Lena, P.; Century XVI

External resource:

• Digital Library of Castile and Leon.

Internal resources: PinedaJ1783.PassoHonroso.pdf PDF Format.

Jerónimo Portolés and Miguel del Molino, Ad Illustrisimos D. D. pradicti Regni Dipputatos, «Scholiorum Sive Adnotationum ad Repertorium Michaelis Molini Super Foris et Observantiis Regni Arago», Tertia pars, Cum Licentia Superiorum, Casaraugustae, per Laurentium de Robles, Regni Aragonum, et Universitatis Typographum, Zaragoza, 1590.

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Foral law, history and charters of the Kingdom of Aragon.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVI.

Authors: Portolés, Jerónimo and Molino, Miguel del.

External resource:

• Cervantes Virtual.

Juan Pérez de Vargas, «Nobiliario», 228 pages with 2 columns, index between pages 224 and 228 ordered by initial but unordered within each initial, 31 x 23 centímeters, kept in the National Library of Spain, signature Mss/3061, it is estimated from the XVI century.

Structure

It follows a fixed structure for each entry: the name of the lineage or person, a horizontal line of separation, a explanatory text, a horizontal line of separation, coat of arms with the with of the column and full-color, a horizontal final line. All of this within the columns, only coming out for some exterior decorations, which I especially like.

My collaboration with the National Library of Spain

I have collaborated with the Department of Manuscripts, Incunabula, and Rare Books of the National Library of Spain to correctly attribute the authorship of this 16^th century manuscript armorial titled «Nobiliario», signature Mss/3061, to Juan Pérez de Vargas. It has been quite an honor.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVI.

Classification: Manuscript, Armorial roll, In color and Castilian language.

Author: Pérez de Vargas, Juan.

External links:

• Detail of this armorial in the National Library of Spain.
• Bibliographic record of the National Library of Spain.
• Scanned Armorial in the National Library of Spain.

Internal resources: Pages from 1 to 117 PerezDeVargasJXVI.11.Paginas.001.117.pdf and Pages from 118 to 235 PerezDeVargasJXVI.12.Paginas.118.235.pdf.

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Credits: This book belongs to the Biblioteca Nacional de España. License Creative Commons CC-BY. You may share, transform and create from images in the public domain that are accessible in the Hispanic Digital Library.

Arnold Rabbow, «The Origin of the Royal Arms of England - a European Connection», Coat of Arms, COA, An Heraldic Quarterly Magazine, número 186, The Heraldry Society, Baldock, Hertfordshire, verano de 1999.

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This bibliographical reference is illustrated wit the coat of arms of the Kingdom of England interpreted by me with the with a semi-circle shape.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

The author is Rabbow, Arnold.

External resource:

• The Heraldry Society.

Internal resources: RabbowA1999.OriginRoyalArmsEnglandEuropeanConnection.docx.

Vigil Raber, «Armorial con 7244 escudos de armas», 903 pages of content, almost all color pages, 7244 coat of arms, 30 x 21 centimeters, at the Herzogin Anna Amalia Library, shelf code Fol 220, permanent identifier 1249054540, 1548.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVI.

Classification: Armorial roll, Manuscript, In color and German language.

Author: Raber, Vigil.

External links:

• Record in the Herzogin Anna Amalia Library.
• Content in the Herzogin Anna Amalia Library.
• Content in the Bilder Server.

Pod Redakcja, Józefa Mareckiego y Lucyny Rotter, «Symbol - Snak - Przeslanie: Barwy i Ksztalty» ~ «Symbol - Sign - Message: Color and Shape», edited by Wydawnictwo Naukowe ~ Scientific Editorial of the Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawla II, 179 pages, ISBN 978-83-7438-321-9 Cracow, 2012.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Symbolism, In black and white and Polish language.

Authors:

• Redakcja, Pod.
• Mareckiego, Józefa.
• Rotter, Lucyny.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

• Marecki, J.; 2012

External resources:

• Pontifical University of John Paul II.
• DocPlayer Poland.

Internal resources: RedakcjaPMareckiegoJRotterL2012.33.SymbolSignMessageColorShape.pdf PDF document in Polish.

Miren Begoña Riesco de Iturri, «Nobility and Lordships in Central-Eastern Castile in the Late Middle Ages (14^th and 15^th Centuries)», doctoral dissertation, department of Medieval History Faculty of Geography and History, Complutense University of Madrid, thesis supervised by María Concepción Quintanilla, ISBN 978-84-8466-126-9, Madrid, 2002.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Author: Riesco de Iturri, Miren Begoña.

Internal resources: RiescoDeIturri2002.T21174.pdf.

Johannes Baptista Rietstap, «Armorial général, précedé d'un Dictionnaire des termes du blason», edited by Gerrit Benjamin van Goor, 2 volumes, Volume I from A to K, 1149 páginas, Volume II from L to Z, 1316 páginas, Gouda, 1861.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

Classification: French language.

Author: Rietstap, Johannes Baptista.

Here are the articles quoting this reference:

• Ackerson - Akers, lineage
• Lineage Baldovino from Venecia, plain tincture
• Lineage Baldovino from Venecia, schema 2x2
• Oschoven of the Rhin
• Talbot, lineage of England
• Urban V

External links:

• Deuxième édition refondue et augmentée, 1884-1887, volume I, A-K.
• Deuxième édition refondue et augmentée, 1884-1887, volume II, L-Z.
• Gerrit Benjamin van Goor.

Internal resources: RietstapJB1861.10.ArmorialGeneral.A.Z.txt in ASCII format in French with 126,068 blazons, RietstapJB1861.10.ArmorialGeneral.A.Z.doc in Word format in French, RietstapJB1861.11.ArmorialGeneral.A.K.pdf in PDF format in French and RietstapJB1861.12.ArmorialGeneral.L.Z.pdf in PDF format in French.

Martino Antoine del Rio, Societis Jesu, «Disquisitionum Magicarum Libri Sex: Quibus continetur accurata curiosarum artium et vanarum superstitionum confutatio, utilis Theologis, Jurisconsultis, Medicis, Philologis», Lugduni: apud Horatium Cardon, 1608.

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There are other editions of this book, for example, the edition by Henning with 1,070 pages, from the year 1617.

The collage of images that accompanies this article corresponds to the inner cover of the 1608 edition of this book, that has been photographed by me, you can see my ex libris on the bottom of the of photography.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVII.

Author: Rio, Martino del.

External link:

• Cervantes Virtual.

Alonso Rodríguez de la Vega, «Roll of arms of Spain», 377 hand-numbered pages in Arabic numerals, all coat of arms illustrations are only partially outlined and without tinctures, written according to the title page in the time of Emperor Charles V, in the National Library of Spain, signatures Mss/3330, it is estimated from the XVI century.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVI.

Classification: Manuscript, Armorial roll, In black and white and Castilian language.

Author: Rodríguez de la Vega, Alonso.

External links:

• Detail of this armorial in the National Library of Spain.
• Bibliographic record of the National Library of Spain.
• Scanned Armorial in the National Library of Spain.

Internal resources: RodriguezDeLaVegaAXVI.11.Paginas.001.129, RodriguezDeLaVegaAXVI.12.Paginas.130.258.pdf and RodriguezDeLaVegaAXVI.13.Paginas.259.387.pdf.

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Credits: This book belongs to the Biblioteca Nacional de España. License Creative Commons CC-BY. You may share, transform and create from images in the public domain that are accessible in the Hispanic Digital Library.

Rodríguez de Lena, Pero, «Libro del passo honroso defendido por el excelente cavaliero Suero de Quiñones», chronicle, 26 centimeters, Leon, 1434.

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Introduction

It is a medieval chronicle written by the notary and chronicler Pero Rodríguez de Lena, documenting the chivalric deeds of Suero de Quiñones and his ten companions during the famous «Passo Honroso» at the bridge of Órbigo, León, in 1434.

From July 10 to August 9, 1434, Suero de Quiñones and 9 knights, the defenders, challenged any knight, the challengers, who wished to cross the bridge to a joust, an event that drew the attention of pilgrims traveling to the shrine of Santiago de Compostela.

The challenge of breaking 300 lances

Suero describes himself as being in prison for this virtuous lady, and he wore an iron collar every Thursday as a sign of this prison. His pledge to break 300 lances or defend the bridge, against all knights in the world who wished to cross it, for thirty days was a way to fulfill the conditions of this metaphorical imprisonment.

To fulfill his vow and prove his honor, Suero set the price for his rescue as the breaking of 300 lances in combat, each with a Milanese iron tip.

Nine other knights joined him in this noble defense at the Passo Honroso.

Contents

The original chronicle contains the full account of the 30 days of jousting, during which 164 jousts were held, along with the 22 rules governing the competition.

Suero and his companions vowed to break 300 lances in this chivalric endeavor but were forced to stop after 164 jousts, having fulfilled their oath to defend the bridge.

The chronicle also includes details of the knights who participated and the outcomes of each joust.

The 10 defenders

• Suero de Quinones, broke 10 defenders' lances.
• Lope de Estuñiga, broke 17 defenders' lances.
• Diego de Bazan, broke 16 defenders' lances.
• Pedro de Nava, broke 10 defenders' lances.
• Aluaro, or Suero son of Alvar Gomez, broke 14 defenders' lances.
• Sancho de Ravanal, broke 33 defenders' lances.
• Lope de Aller, broke 12 defenders' lances.
• Diego de Benavides, broke 10 defenders' lances.
• Pedro de los Rios, broke 18 defenders' lances.
• Gomez de Villacorta, broke 24 defenders' lances.

The 68 conquerors

The phrase «had his lance broken» indicates the number of times the conqueror's lance was broken during the jousts by Suero and his companions, the defenders.

• Micer Arnaldo de la Floresta Bermeja, from Germany, rode in 6 courses and had his lance broken 2 times.
• Mosen Juan Fabla, from Valencia, rode in 19 courses and had his lance broken 3 times.
• Mosen Pero Fabla, from Valencia, rode in 5 courses and had his lance broken 3 times.
• Rodrigo de Zayas, from Aragon, rode in 23 courses and had his lance broken 3 times.
• Antón de Funes, aragonés, rode in 15 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Sancho Zapata, aragonés, rode in 19 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Fernando de Liñán, aragonés, rode in 14 courses, had his lance broken 1 time.
• Francisco Muñoz, aragonés, rode in 16 courses, had his lance broken 2 times.
• Mosen Gonzalo de Leori, aragonés, rode in 18 courses, had his lance broken 4 times.
• Juan de Estamari, aragonés, rode in 8 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Jofre Jardín, aragonés, rode in 3 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Francisco de Faces, aragonés, rode in 27 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Mosen Per Davio, aragonés, rode in 23 courses, had his lance broken 2 times.
• Mosen Francés Davio, aragonés, rode in 23 courses, had his lance broken 2 times.
• Vasco de Varrionuevo, rode in 7 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Juan de Soto, rode in 24 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Diego de Mancilla, rode in 1 course, had his lance broken 1 time.
• Rodrigo de Ulloa, rode in 7 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Juan Freyre de Andrada, rode in 3 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Lope de Mendoza, rode in 6 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Juan de Gamoz, catalán, rode in 9 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Mosen Bernal de Requesenes, catalán, rode in 8 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Pedro de Vesga, rode in 21 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Juan de Villalobos, rode in 8 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Gonzalo de Castañeda, rode in 5 courses, had his lance broken 2 times.
• Alonso Quijada, rode in 12 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Bueso de Solís, rode in 11 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Juan de Castellanos, rode in 5 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Gutierre Quijada, rode in 4 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Rodrigo de Quijada, rode in 2 courses, had his lance broken 2 times.
• García Osorio, rode in 8 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Diego Zapata, rode in 20 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Alonso de Cavedo, rode in 19 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Arnoa de Novalles, aragonés, rode in 20 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Ordeño de Valencia, rode in 10 courses.
• Rodrigo de Xuara, rode in 17 courses, had his lance broken 2 times.
• Juan de Merlo, rode in 3 courses, had his lance broken 2 times.
• Alonso Deza, rode in 13 courses, had his lance broken 6 times.
• Galaor Mosquera, rode in 4 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Pero Vázquez de Castilblanco, rode in 22 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Loque de la Torre, rode in 6 courses, had his lance broken 4 times.
• Martín de Arneyda, rode in 14 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Gonzalo de León, rode in 18 courses, had his lance broken 2 times.
• Juan de Soto, rode in 14 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Juan Vázquez de Olivera, rode in 19 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Pedro de Linares, rode in 16 courses, had his lance broken 1 time.
• Antón Deza, rode in 5 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Juan de Carvallo, rode in 20 courses, had his lance broken 2 times.
• Pedro Carnero, rode in 8 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Pedro de Torrecilla, rode in 4 courses.
• Diego de San Román, rode in 9 courses, had his lance broken 2 times.
• Pedro de Negrete, rode in 5 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Alvaro Cubel, rode in 5 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Pedro de Silva, rode in 12 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Juan de Quintanilla, rode in 4 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Gonzalo de Barros, rode in 4 courses, had his lance broken 2 times.
• Martín de Guzmán, rode in 15 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.
• Mosen Riembao de Cervera, catalán, rode in 1 course, had his lance broken 1 time.
• Mosen Franci de Valle, catalán, rode in 1 course, had his lance broken 1 time.
• Esberto de Claramonte, aragonés, the only one who died, rode in 9 courses, had his lance broken 1 time.
• Micer Luis de Aversa, italiano, rode in 5 courses, had his lance broken 1 time.
• Pero Gil de Abreo, portugués, rode in 4 courses, had his lance broken 1 time.
• Arnao Bojué, bretón, rode in 2 courses, had his lance broken 2 times.
• Sancho de Perrera, rode in 2 courses, had his lance broken 2 times.
• Lope de Perrera, rode in 6 courses, had his lance broken 1 time.
• Mosen Francés Perobaste, rode in 12 courses.
• Don Juan de Portugal, rode in 2 courses, had his lance broken 1 time.
• Fernando de Cardón, rode in 15 courses, had his lance broken 3 times.

The results

After 30 days, when the time limit was reached, the tournament of the «Passo Honroso» came to an end, which was recognized throughout Europe.

The defenders broke 166 lances against the conquerors, falling short of the established 300, but the judges counted the remaining 134 as broken, as the feat had been unparalleled. In 30 days, against 68 conquerors, the 10 defenders participated in 725 jousts, more than 70 per defender, more than 2 per day.

According to the numbers I provided earlier, it appears from the list of defenders that they broke 164 lances against the conquerors, and from the list of conquerors that they broke 166 lances. [Bravo Guarida, C.; 1934; page 50] reports similar numbers: 166 lances broken in 727 jousts. [Pineda, Juan d.; 1783; page 50] reports more than 166 lances broken and 727 jousts. In any case, all these numbers are fabulous.

The happy end

«...And to the sound of clarions and drums», Suero de Quiñones, «without his collar, surrenders before his lady, who says to him with a blushing face: Rise, noble Quiñones, you are my husband!» [Bravo Guarida, C.; 1934; page 49].

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Bibliographical reference of century XVI.

Classification: Manuscript and Castilian language.

The author is Rodríguez de Lena, Pero.

Bibliographic reference mentioned in the following articles:

• Bravo Guarida, C.; 1934
• Labandeira Fernández, A.; 1977
• Pineda, Juan d.; 1783

J. K. Rowling, «Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone», London Bloomsbury, London, 1997.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Author: Rowling, Joanne.

Sebastiano Rumor, «Il Blasone Vicentino Descritto ed Illustrato», published by Venezia, A spese della Società, 310 pages of black and white text, 20 color plates, including: 1 plate at the beginning with 10 coats of arms, and 19 plates at the end, each containing 6 coats of arms, totaling 124 coats of arms, Venice, 1899.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

Classification: Italian language and Black and white with color plates.

The author is Rumor, Sebastiano.

External resource:

• Archive.org.

Internal resources: RumorS1899.IlBlasoneVicentino.pdf PDF format.

John Paul Rylands, «The Visitation of Cheshire in the Year 1580, Made by Robert Glover, Somerset Herald, for William Flower, Norroy King of Arms, with Numerous Additions and Continuations, Including those from The Visitation of Cheshire in the Year 1566, by the same Herald, with an Appendix Containing The Visitation of a Part of Cheshire in the Year 1533, William Fellows, Lancaster Herald, for Thomas Benolte, Clarenceux King Of Arms, And a Fragment of The Visitation of the City of Chester in the Year 1591, Made by Thomas Chaloner, Deputy to the Office Of Arms», edited by John Paul Rylands, F. S. A., published by The Harleian Society, London, 1882.

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[Goldstraw, M. S. J.; 2013a] es una recreación a color de los escudos registrados en este libro.

El escudo que ilustra esta referencia bibliográfica es uno de los que se registran en este libro y corresponde al escudo de Tatton de Wythenshawe, con la diferencia que aquí no se ha incluido su timbre.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

The author is Rylands, John Paul.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Goldstraw, M. S. J.; 2013a

Miguel de Salazar y Mendoza, chronicler and chaplain of honor to Philip IV, «Formulario de armas», copied by Manuel Antonio Brochero in 1730, manuscript in the National Library of Spain, 11 volumes, volume 1 with 876 pages, call number MSS/11442, volume 2 with 378 pages, call number MSS/11443, volume 3 with 455 pages, call number MSS/11444, volume 4 with 392 pages, call number MSS/11445, volume 5 with 543 pages, call number MSS/11446, volume 6 with 455 pages, call number MSS/11447, volume 7 with 484 pages, call number MSS/11448, volume 8 with 309 pages, call number MSS/11449, volume 9 with 325 pages, call number MSS/11450, volume 10 with 302 pages, call number MSS/11451, volume 11 with 467 pages, call number MSS/11452, totaling approximately 5986 pages, 31 x 21 centimeters, circa 1640.

Dates of the original and copies

In Una Modesta Aportación Española, Juan Cartaya Baños writes that the original Formulario de Armería by Miguel de Salazar y Mendoza can be dated to around 1640, and that is the year I use to catalog it. He mentions that there is a 1739 copy that belonged to the King of Arms Zazo y Rosillo. In the National Library of Spain, there are three copies: this copy made by Manuel Antonio Brochero, titled Formulario de Armería, in 11 volumes, dated by the BNE to the year 1730; another smaller copy made by Tomás Francisco Monleón y Ramiro, titled Nobiliario o Formulario de Armería, with 980 pages, dated by the BNE to the year 1739; and another even smaller copy, titled Formulario de Armería, with 404 pages, dated by the BNE to the 18^th century.

Indexes and searches

There are indexes in all the volumes, these indexes are alphabetically ordered by the initial letter of the lineage name, but within each letter, the lineages are not strictly ordered, that is, they attempt to follow the order but there are some discrepancies, so you have to go through the entire letter to find the sought lineage. Next to the lineage name on the right, a number appears to locate it within that volume. Therefore, to ensure a thorough search, you need to review the indexes of all 11 volumes. For example, the Salazar lineage can be found in volume 1, in volume 2, in volume 4, etc. This mechanism, though somewhat challenging, allows for searches.

In the 2 images above, which are at the beginning of this section, you can see an example of a search, first, a page from the index of volume 3, dedicated to the letter S, where at the beginning of its second column, you can see the name of the Salmerón lineage, with the number 313 to its right. In the second image, you can see, from volume 3, the page with the number 313 at the top left, with the coat of arms of the Salmerón lineage described but not painted, which is similar to the one that appears in [Salazar y Mendoza, M. de; 1654; volume 5, page 196].

Coat of arms drawings

This armorial contains in volume 1, after the index, an introduction to the organization of coats of arms in quarters, spanning 12 pages and 7 black and white drawings.

Among the lineage descriptions, blank spaces are left, seemingly intended for drawing the coat of arms, many of these spaces are only outlined with the outer edge of a shield ending in a semicircular arch. The most complete coats of arms are those smaller ones that illustrate some lineages in black and white, mainly in the margins, as shown in the previous images. The spaces seem to be more systematically placed in the first volumes, with an average of 2 spaces per page, than in the later volumes.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVII.

Classification: Manuscript, Armorial roll, Castilian language and In black and white.

Author: Salazar y Mendoza, Miguel de.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

• Salazar y Mendoza, M. de; 1654

External resources:

• National Library of Spain, Formulario de Armeria, 11 volumes, copy from 1730.
• National Library of Spain, Nobiliario o Formulario de Armeria, 980 pages, copy from 1739.
• National Library of Spain, Formulario de Armeria, 404 pages, copy from the 18^th century.

Internal resources: SalazarMendozaM1640.Tomo.01.pdf volume 1 in PDF format, SalazarMendozaM1640.Tomo.02.pdf volume 2 in PDF format, SalazarMendozaM1640.Tomo.03.pdf volume 3 in PDF format, SalazarMendozaM1640.Tomo.04.pdf volume 4 in PDF format, SalazarMendozaM1640.Tomo.05.pdf volume 5 in PDF format, SalazarMendozaM1640.Tomo.06.pdf volume 6 in PDF format, SalazarMendozaM1640.Tomo.07.pdf volume 7 in PDF format, SalazarMendozaM1640.Tomo.08.pdf volume 8 in PDF format, SalazarMendozaM1640.Tomo.09.pdf volume 9 in PDF format, SalazarMendozaM1640.Tomo.10.pdf volume 10 in PDF format and SalazarMendozaM1640.Tomo.11.pdf volume 11 in PDF format.

Miguel de Salazar y Mendoza, chronicler and chaplain of honor to Philip IV, «Nobiliario de armas», with contributions from Lázaro Díez del Valle and others, manuscript in the National Library of Spain, 7 volumes, volume 1 with 1084 pages, call number MSS/12599, volume 2 with 926 pages, call number MSS/12600, volume 3 with 762 pages, call number MSS/12601, volume 4 with 614 pages, call number MSS/12602, volume 5 with 784 pages, call number MSS/12603, volume 6 with 1106 pages, call number MSS/12604, and volume 7 with 998 pages, call number MSS/12605, total approximately 6274 pages, 22 x 16 centimeters, by various authors with handwriting from different hands, 1654.

Dates and years

In volume 1, page 66, the year 1498 appears first, there are many years written on many pages, often related to events or positions held by the bearers of the described coats of arms. These are years from the 14^th century onward. In the different volumes, there are also, though much less frequently, some dates with day, month, and year.

It is notable that, on that same page 66 of volume 1, on the last written line on the right, there appears what seems to be a signature, followed by the preposition «a» which is used in a formal sense to indicate the date on which a document is drafted or signed, and a specific date. It can be seen in the first image at the beginning of this section where « = Silva y Salazar. a 27 de abril de 1654 = » is highlighted in larger and darker font. However, only the second surname in «Silva y Salazar» matches that of the author «Miguel de Salazar y Mendoza», so it would be the signature of a different person or possibly a relative who worked for the author.

As I have mentioned, throughout this volume and the entire armorial, there are other years, generally earlier and some later than 1654. For example, in the 17^th century, and specifically in this volume 1, on page 222, midway down on the right, the years 1697 and 1698 appear; on page 334, at the bottom right, I believe the year 1644 can be seen; on page 343, at the bottom right, the year 1638 appears.

To establish a reference year, I set it as 1654, only to have a temporal reference, even though this date appears signed by someone other than the author, on a note of paper smaller in size than the rest of the pages, this note talks about Ariño and is inserted just before the page dedicated to the coat of arms of the Ariño lineage. In any case, as can be observed and given the large number of pages, its writing must have extended over decades, and by several hands and authors, hence the appearance of later annotations such as 1697 and 1698.

The National Library of Spain dates it between 1601 and 1800, which is a very broad range of years.

Miguel de Salazar y Mendoza, was a chronicler and chaplain of honor to Philip IV who reigned from 1621 to 1665, he was the author of the «Formulario de Armeria» which some date to circa 1640, and of which there is a copy from 1739 that belonged to the King of Arms Zazo y Rosillo, also in the National Library of Spain.

Indexes and searches

There is a deteriorated index of all volumes at the beginning of volume 1, this index is alphabetically ordered by the initial letter of the lineage, but within each letter, the lineages are not strictly ordered, so one must read through the entire letter to find the sought lineage. Within each letter, there is an organization by volumes from 1 to 7, next to the name of the lineage on the right appears a number, and with that volume and number, the written coat of arms can be located. This mechanism, with some difficulty, allows for searches.

For example, in the 2 previous images, which are at the beginning of this section, you can see, first, a page from the index which is one of the pages dedicated to the letter S, in its section dedicated to volume 5, at the end of the 3^rd column, you can see the name of the Salmerón lineage, with the number 196 to its right. In the second image, you can see, from volume 5, the page with the number 196 at the top right, with the coat of arms of the Salmerón lineage described, but not painted, and is similar to the description in [Salazar y Mendoza, M. de; 1640; volume 3, page 313].

Drawings of coats of arms

This armorial contains, in the first 43% of volume 1, coats of arms with a crest, helmet, mantling, and plume, in the final 57% of volume 1 and in the rest of the volumes from 2 to 7, only the coats of arms without a crest.

The drawn coats of arms are always finished with a rounded arch. The coats of arms without a crest are always in a vertical position. The coats of arms with a crest are tilted toward the dexter (heraldic right), which is the left from the observer’s point of view, and both the coat of arms and the helmet, the mantling, and the plume, these arms with its crest are pre-printed, for this, 2 different plates were used, which can be distinguished because one has a plume of 4 feathers and the other has a plume of 5 feathers, as can be seen in the 2 first images before this section.

The external shape of the arms without a crest and the interior of all the coat of arms arms in this armorial, are drawn in pen. As illustrated in the third image before this section: most of the coats of arms drawings are blank; some are only sketched; others have incomplete quarters; and some are more advanced; but none have tinctures. Only the tree in the Aznar lineage coat of arms in volume 1, page 66, is painted in vert (green), so I categorize this armorial as created in black and white. At the beginning of volume 1, it is noteworthy that among the initiated arms, there frequently appears a tree as the main charge.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVII.

Classification: Manuscript, Armorial roll, Castilian language and In black and white.

The author is Salazar y Mendoza, Miguel de.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

• Salazar y Mendoza, M. de; 1640

External resource:

• Biblioteca Digital Hispánica: Nobiliario de armas.

Internal resources: 7 volumes in PDF format. SalazarMendozaM1654.Tomo.1.pdf tomo 1 in PDF format, SalazarMendozaM1654.Tomo.2.pdf tomo 2 in PDF format, SalazarMendozaM1654.Tomo.3.pdf tomo 3 in PDF format, SalazarMendozaM1654.Tomo.4.pdf tomo 4 in PDF format, SalazarMendozaM1654.Tomo.5.pdf tomo 5 in PDF format, SalazarMendozaM1654.Tomo.6.pdf tomo 6 in PDF format and SalazarMendozaM1654.Tomo.7.pdf tomo 7 in PDF format.

Antonio Salmerón Cabañas, «Automatic painting 1991/2004, 210 paintings with ink, watercolor and other media», registered as painting in the Intellectual Property Registry of Madrid, request code M-1583-08, and registration number 16/2008/9490, Madrid, 25^th of February of 2008.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Author: Salmerón Cabañas, Antonio.

Antonio Salmerón Cabañas, «Design of the coats of arms o-XI, o-IX, o-XX with their crest, supporters, flags, seals and blazons», paintings registered in the Intellectual Property Registry of Madrid, 28 pages with 47 illustrations, of coats of arms and other heraldic objects, request code M-1394-14, and registration number 16/2014/2330, Madrid, 25^th of February of 2014.

In this registration are the illustrations from my book [Salmerón Cabañas, A.; 2014b] titled «The Book of the Coat of Arms of Wolves Sable and Unicorns Argent».

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Author: Salmerón Cabañas, Antonio.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

• Salmerón Cabañas, A.; 2014b

Antonio Salmerón Cabañas, «The Book of the Coat of Arms of Wolves Sable and Unicorns Argent», Ediciones aContracorriente, first edition, ISBN 978-84-941511-8-7, Madrid, 2014.

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The chapters of this book are organized to systematically record all information regarding the creation of a coat of arms and its variants, from its initial conception to its various final interpretations, through intermediate designs, their uses, meanings, registration, communication, and even their different imaginary and artistic recreations.

The chapters are as follows:

• On the ideation and creation of a coat of arms, its derived versions, and other complements.
• On the ideation and creation of a first ornament and its possible enhancements.
• On the ideation and creation of a second and definitive ornament for the coat of arms.
• On designing acts of manifestation, documents, and heraldic frames based on the coat of arms.
• On the meaning of different elements and the symbolism within the coat of arms.
• On the records of the coat of arms and its public communication.
• On the certifications of the coat of arms.
• An imaginary history about the evolution of the coat of arms over the centuries.
• An artistic recreation of the journey back from the future to the past.
• Covering various subsequent and prior variations and combinations.
• Covering other interpretations of the same blazon made by different heraldic masters.

My intellectual property of the illustrations in this book is registered in [Salmerón Cabañas, A.; 2014a].

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Author: Salmerón Cabañas, Antonio.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Salmerón Cabañas, A.; 2014a

Antonio Salmerón Cabañas, «Coat of arms and heraldic creation between April 2014 and March 2015», paintings registered in the Registry of Intellectual Property of Madrid, with 126 illustrations, 16 black and white and 110 color, of coats of arms and other heraldic objects, including my pseudonym without anonymity «a Unicorn per saltire Or and Sable, salient and the motto ASC Sable», 30 pages with 126 illustrations, 16 black and white and 110 color, request code M-001674-2015, and registration number 16/2015/2546, Madrid, 9^th of March of 2015.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Author: Salmerón Cabañas, Antonio.

The following articles cite this bibliographic reference:

• B. Quesada, coat of arms with motto and support
• Categories of heraldry
• Pseudonym without anonymity
• Quesada Valles, Bartolomé

Antonio Salmerón Cabañas, «Coat of arms and heraldic creation between April 2015 and December 2016», paintings registered in the Intellectual Property Registry of Madrid, with 299 illustrations, 4 black and white and 295 color, of coats of arms and other heraldic objects, 88 pages request code M-008058/2016, and registration number 16/2017/2707, Madrid, 15^th of December of 2016.

In this body of work, I have focused on capturing the essence of heraldry, balancing historical accuracy with artistic interpretation. Each illustration is a reflection of my passion for heraldic art, meticulously crafted to bring centuries-old traditions to life in a modern context.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

The author is Salmerón Cabañas, Antonio.

Registration and coats of arms of the 2^nd page

Coats of arms of the pages 3 and 4

Antonio Salmerón Cabañas, «Coat of arms and heraldic creation between January 2017 and November 2017», paintings registered in the Intellectual Property Registry of Madrid, 116 pages with 474 color illustrations of coats of arms and other heraldic objects, request code M-008097/2017, Madrid, 18^th of December of 2017.

In this collection, I showcase a range of my unique heraldic designs, each embodying a distinct narrative and artistic vision. My works demonstrate my expertise in blending traditional heraldry with contemporary aesthetics, highlighting my commitment to preserving the artistry of heraldry while infusing it with modern creativity.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Author: Salmerón Cabañas, Antonio.

Registration and coats of arms of the 2^nd page

Coat of arms of the pages 113 and 114

Coat of arms of the pages 115 and 116

Antonio Salmerón Cabañas, «Coat of arms and heraldic creation between December 2017 and December 2023», paintings registered in the Intellectual Property Registry of Madrid, 72 pages with 237 color illustrations of coats of arms, insignias, banners, step-by-step schemes for the creation of coats of arms, decorations and collars of chivalric orders, and design of certificates.

In this extensive six-year compilation, I have meticulously selected works that represent my heraldic artistry. This period allowed me to delve deeper into the intricacies of heraldic design, culminating in a collection that not only showcases my growth as an artist but also the evolution and diversity of heraldic traditions.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

The author is Salmerón Cabañas, Antonio.

Jesús Sanz Lacorte, «Glosario Heráldico», on-line publication, in the domine armoria.info registered on July of 2004, about 2,650 heraldic terms, more than 2,350 illustrations, 288 pages, estimated size, designed by Bcdreams.com, Barcelona, 28^th of May of 2007.

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Release date

The release date is taken from Archive.org, checking when this «Heraldic Glossary» appeared for the first time in the record log series.

Illustrations

It contains more than 2,350 illustrations, in color and in black and white, outlined drawings, color shields and photographs. Some of the shields outlined in black and white belong to [Académie internationale d'héraldique; 1952], for example the following pictures:

• picture 86, pointed at each end;
• picture 90, voided;
• picture 272, lion sejant;
• picture 291, combatant;
• picture 292, addorsed or back-to-back;
• picture 297, eagle crowned;
• picture 304, a qualifier for eagle not translated into English, in French «aigle entravaillé»;
• picture 305, osprey a diurnal fish-eating eagle,
• picture 311, two wings addorsed,
• picture 341, trunk,
• picture 360, edged,
• picture 373, hazel nuts,
• picture 378, raguly or ragged,
• picture 395, hemp-bray,
• picture 410, hunting horn or bugle horn,
• picture 434, caltrap,
• picture 464, between,
• picture 466, a qualifier for water and sea not translated into English, in French «afitée»,
• picture 475, aquilon,
• picture 494, diapered,
• picture 504, port and windows Azure, or Gules, or Sinople, or Sable, or Purple, or Or, or Argent;
• ...

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Dictionary and Castilian language.

The author is Sanz Lacorte, Jesús.

External links:

• Armoria.info.
• Archive.org.

Internal resources: SanzLacorteJ2007.ArmoriaGlosario.pdf.

Charles Wilfred Scott-Giles, OBE (Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire), Fitzalan Pursuivant Extraordinary, «Some Arthurian Coats of Arms», Coat of Arms, COA, An Heraldic Quarterly Magazine, issue 64 of October 1965 (which is the date I use as reference) and issue 65 of January 1966, The Heraldry Society, Baldock, Hertfordshire, October 1965.

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The coat of arms illustrating this bibliographic reference is one of the variants described in this article attributed to King Arthur, which in Blason.es is cataloged as Arthur of Britain.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Author: Scott-Giles, C. W..

External link:

• The Heraldry Society.

Internal resources: ScottGilesCW1965.SomeArthurianCoA.docx.

Guy W. Selvester, Rev’d. Fr., M.Div., M.A., «Aspects of Heraldry in the Catholic Church», Summary of a presentation made on Wednesday, 14 September 2005, at the New York Genealogical & Biographical Society, New York, 2005.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Article, English language and In color.

The author is Selvester, Guy W..

Internal resources: SelvesterGW2005.CatholicHeraldry.pdf PDF Format.

Antonio Sevilla Gómez, «Las paremias heroicas: la divisa, el lema y el mote», Paremia Magazine, number 9, pages 75 to 80, Madrid, 2000.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

The author is Sevilla Gómez, Antonio.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

• Arco y García, F. del; 1996a

External resource:

• Paremia Magazine.

Internal resources: SevillaGomezA2000.DivisaLemaMoteGritoGuerra.pdf.

William Shakespeare, «Coriolanus», Tragedy in 5 acts and 29 scenes, written in verse, dated to either 1608 or 1609, depending on the sources.

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It is one of the last works written by William Shakespeare, a tragedy based on the life of Caius Marcius Coriolanus, a legendary Roman general from the 5^th century B.C. Some authors consider General Coriolanus to be a historical figure, while others do not.

Initially known only as Caius Marcius, during the war against the Volsci he becomes a hero by entering the city of Corioli with a few soldiers, and from then on, he is called Caius Marcius Coriolanus.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVII.

The author is Shakespeare, William.

External link:

• Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Anonymous, «Wappenbuch des St. Galler Abtes Ulrich Rösch», 338 pages, 1626 coats of arms, from the Abbey Library of Saint Gall, catalog number Codex Sang. 1084, with Sang as the abbreviation for Sancti Galli, circa 1480.

This manuscript contains coats of arms of prominent figures from both laity and clergy, primarily from the southern regions of Germany. It was likely prepared in the Heidelberg workshop of Hans Ingeram for an unknown patron from the area between the Neckar River and the Upper Rhine. In the 1480s, St. Gall Abbot Ulrich Rösch acquired the volume and commissioned additional coats of arms from Swiss and German border areas to be included in the back pages, drawn by the Winterthur artist Hans Haggenberg, 1471-1511 [Clemmensen, S.; 2012; pages 3 and 4].

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Bibliographical reference of century XV.

Classification: Armorial roll, Manuscript and In color.

Author: anonymous.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Clemmensen, S.; 2012

External resource:

• e-codices, Virtual Manuscript Library of Switzerland.

Internal resources: Collection of 392 images, of which 367 are coats of arms..

St. George's Roll, in English usually written as «MS Vincent, 164 ff.1-21b», also called [Vincent, MS; 1285], it is in the College of Arms, London, containing 677 painted coats of arms, it is an English roll or arms dating from c. 1285.

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The bibliographical reference that I mainly use for this armorial is [Vincent, MS; 1285].

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Bibliographical reference of century XIII.

Classification: Armorial roll and Manuscript.

Author: anonymous.

Bibliographic reference mentioned in the following articles:

• Adam de Cretingges
• Bartholomew de Yattendon
• Edmund de Bassingburnn
• Howel ap Res
• James de Sottone, le Fitz
• Joan de Okinton
• John de Beauchamp
• John de Ladbrooke
• John le Sturmy
• Nicholas Malmains
• Norman Darcy
• Ricardo de Mandeville
• Robert de Malet
• Simon de Crombe
• Simon de Ver
• Simon le FizSimon
• Thomas Roscelyn
• Thomas de Werblintone
• Thomas le FizThomas
• Vincent, MS; 1285
• William Bardolf
• William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby
• William de Hondeshacre

Elliot Stock, «The Antiquary, A Magazine Devoted to the Study of the Past», Volume XXXI, Published by Elliot Stock, London, 1895.

Glossary of Terms used in British Heraldry

«The late Mr. John Henry Parker's name is so closely associated with quite a small library of admirable manuals on architecture, and with a number of other works on archaeology, all of which are well known, that it will be something of a surprise to many persons to learn that about fifty years ago», 1895 - 1847 = 48 years, «he published» [Parker, J. H.; 1847; Glossary of Terms used in British Heraldry].

«The book, too, has been out of print so long that it has become almost forgotten».

Glossary of Terms used in Heraldry, a new book

«The new edition now published by his son, Mr. James Parker», [Parker, J.; 1894; Glossary of Terms used in Heraldry], «is practically, as he himself tells us, a new book, and the elaboration and care which have been bestowed upon it are as characteristic of this as they are of the other archaeological works, for which both father and son have been so honourably distinguished for more than half a century».

Illustrations

«Another well-known characteristic of the Messrs. Parker's books is the copious manner in which they are illustrated».

«The present volume fully maintains that reputation, and the neat little woodcuts, which occur in great profusion on nearly every other page, are often a great help in explaining in a practical manner the significance of a heraldic term».

«To anyone who is beginning the study of heraldry this will render the book of great value and usefulness; while others who know more or less of the science will not be disposed to regret the lavish manner in which explanatory illustrations are provided».

Critic, Chichester and Prester John

«So far as it is possible to judge there are very few, if any, inaccuracies in the book, although we are bound to express surprise in finding in such a work as this, the old fiction repeated, that the figure of our Saviour, in relation to the dedication of the cathedral to the Holy Trinity, on the arms of the See of Chichester is that of the mysterious being known as Prester John».

«We thought this absurd theory had been fully exploded long ago, and to find it perpetuated in a work like this is a little startling, to say the least».

The 3 main references in James Parker's book to Prester John the See of Chichester are the following:

• About the Presbyter John, usually called Prester John: «this singular figure is represented as seated on a stone (described as a tombstone), and forms the insignia of the See of Chichester, the only instance in which the bearing occurs», [Parker, J.; 1894; page 476]. «The origin of the figure is obscure». «In 1180 the seal represented the Figure of Christ seated on a Tomb, with perhaps a symbolical reference to» the Book of Revelation i. 16, and v. 1, also called the Apocalypse of John the Apostle. «Early in the next century the mythical story of Prester John, a supposed King of central Asia, was current, a certain Franciscan monk, by name Carpini, who went out as a Missionary in 1206, having brought home or invented the story, and this being very popular was afterwards, perhaps, applied to the device».
• About the blazon of the Bishopric of Chichester, he writes «Bishoprick»: «Azure, a Presbyter John hooded sitting on a tombstone, in his sinister hand a book open, his dexter hand extended with the two forefingers erect, all or; in his mouth a sword fessways gules, hilt and pommel or, the point to the sinister», [Parker, J.; 1894; at the end of the page 476].
• About «tombstone» as an heraldic term, [Parker, J.; 1894; page 576] writes: «the seat of Prester John (q.v.)» ~ quod vide ~ which see «in the insignia of the See of Chichester, and of Saint Mary in those of the See of Lincoln», see also the term nimbus or «Cicle of Glory» at [Parker, J.; 1894; page 424], «is so called, though in neither case is it at all probable that the bearing is intended for such».

«It would be an interesting fact to ascertain exactly when and by whom», Elliot Stock asks himself, «the very wild idea of Prester John on the Chichester shield was first started».

Nowadays, the Diocese of Chichester, in its on-line explanation about its coat of arms, writes «The most common misconception, which was still being repeated in 1894», the Diocese does not cite directly James Parker's book, but cites its publishing year 1894, «was that the arms show Presbyter John sitting on a tombstone». «A letter circulated in Europe in about 1165 referred to the annual visit of Prester John and his army, complete with chariots and elephants, to the tomb of the prophet Daniel in Babylonia Deserta». «It was the imagery of this letter», about the Prester John and the tomb, «that seems to have become attached to» the coat of arms of the Diocese of Chichester with its human figure, nimbed, sitting in a tomb or an altar.

Conclusions

«As showing the thoroughness with which Mr. James Parker has done his work, we may mention that»:

• «no less than 32 pages are taken up in describing the different heraldic forms and uses of the cross», [Parker, J.; 1894; from the page 149 to the beginning of the page 179] and with an internal index, dedicated exclusively to the cross, on [Parker, J.; 1894; pages 179 and 180].
• «and 8 with the various forms of the crown», [Parker, J.; 1894; from the page 181 to the page 188].

«In every instance the subject dealt with is thoroughly worked out».

«Indeed, thoroughness may be said to be one of the special characteristics of this useful and welcome volume».

Elliot Stock, the reviewer

He was an English publisher and bibliophile, he born in 1838 and died in 1911. The publishing company that bore his name was in business from 1859 to 1939. The Antiquary magazine was published by his publishing company from December 1879 to 1915.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

Classification: Magazine and English language.

The author is Stock, Elliot.

Here are the articles quoting this reference:

• Parker, J. H.; 1847
• Parker, J.; 1894

External links:

• The Antiquary, Volume XXXI, datails.
• The Antiquary, Volume XXXI, contents.
• Elliot Stock, publisher of the The Antiquary.
• Chichester, Coat of arms of the Diocese.

Robert Riddle Stodart, «Scottish Arms: Being a Collection of Armorial Bearings, A.D. 1370-1678», Reproduced in facsimile from contemporary manuscripts with heraldic and genealogical notes, edited by William Paterson, Edinburgh, 1881.

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This work is a comprehensive two-volume set that reproduces armorial bearings from various manuscripts dating from 1370 to 1678. The collection includes detailed heraldic and genealogical notes that accompany the facsimiles. It is an essential reference for anyone studying Scottish heraldry and genealogy.

Volume 1

Volume 1 contains an introduction, an alphabetical index of coats of arms, and 125 color plates, each displaying between 1 and 9 coats of arms per plate. This volume 1 is dedicated to the color illustrations of the coats of arms, while volume 2 consists entirely of text without illustrations. In volume 1, the Plates section with color illustrations of coats of arms follows the same structure as volume 2, as will be seen in the section dedicated to volume 2. The contents of volume 1 are as follows.

• Introduction.
• Index to the plates.
• List of names in the order in which they occur on the plates.
• Plates:
  • Armorial de Gelre, pages A to E.
  • Armorial de Berry, pages I to II.
  • Forman's Roll, pages 12 to 21.
  • Sunderland Hall Ms., pages 22 to 24.
  • Additions to Sir David Lindsay's Ms., pages 24^ to 34.
  • Workman's Ms, pages 35 to 84.
  • Kings' and Nobility's arms, pages 85 and 86.
  • Sir David Lindsay the Youngers Ms, pages 87 to 94.
  • Sir James Balfour's Ms, pages 95 and 96.
  • Lyon register, pages 97 and 98.
  • Earl of Crawford's Ms., pages 99 and 100.
  • Gentlemen's arms, pages 101 to 106.
  • Funeral escutcheons, pages 106 to 110.
  • Sundries, pages 111 to 118.
• Heraldic and genealogical notes.
• Index to the notes.
• Additions and corrections.

Volume 2

Volume 2 continues the collection and includes further armorial bearings and notes and also references several historical armorials, with the following contents:

• I. The armorial de Gelre, circa 1369.
• II. The armorial de Gilles le Bouvier, Berry Roi d'Armes, circa 1450-55.
• III. Roll of arms, by sir Robert Forman, Lyon King of Arms, circa 1562.
• IV. Sunderland Hall manuscript.
• V. Additions to the booke and register of armes, compiled by sir David Lindsay, Lyon King of Arms.
• VI. Illuminated heraldic manuscript, called "Workman's," circa 1565-6.
• VII. Kings' and nobility's arms, circa 1566.
• VIII. Illuminated manuscript, circa 1603-5, ascribed to sir David Lindsay, Lyon King of Arms.
• IX. Armorial manuscripts by sir James Balfour, Baronet, Lyon King at Arms 1630-54, and another herald.
• X. The public register of all arms and bearings in Scotland, A.D. 1672-78.
• XI. Heraldic manuscript compiled during the reign of James VI, the property of the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres.
• XII. Gentlemen's arms collected during the reign of Charles I.
• XIII. Funeral escutcheons.
• XIV. Sundries.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

Classification: Armorial roll, English language and Black and white with color plates.

Author: Stodart, Robert Riddle.

External resources:

• Archive.org, volume 1.
• Archive.org, volume 2.

Internal resources: StodartR1881.ScottishArms.Heavy.Volume.01.pdf Heavy PDF, StodartR1881.ScottishArms.Heavy.Volume.02.pdf Heavy PDF, StodartR1881.ScottishArms.Light.Volume.01.pdf Light PDF and StodartR1881.ScottishArms.Light.Volume.02.pdf Light PDF.

Hugo Gerard Ströhl, «Die Wappen der Buchgewerbe», published by Anton Schroll & Co., 36 pages with black and white illustrations, plus 1 title page, 9 color plates, and 1 additional color plate, Vienna, 1891.

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This book is a notable work in the field of heraldry, specifically focusing on the coats of arms related to the book trade industries. Ströhl, a renowned heraldic artist, created detailed illustrations that highlight the symbolism and artistic elements of these armorial bearings. The publication includes a combination of black and white illustrations alongside vivid color plates that showcase the vibrancy of heraldic art in the late 19^th century.

Hugo Gerard Ströhl was born on September 24, 1851, in Wels, Austria, and passed away on December 7, 1919, in Mödling, Austria. His works remain influential in the study and appreciation of heraldic art.

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Bibliographical reference of century XIX.

Classification: Armorial roll, German language and Black and white with color plates.

The author is Ströhl, Hugo Gerard.

External links:

• Heraldry of the World, Biography of Hugo Gerard Ströhl.
• Payhip download of the book.
• Information about the book at Rice University Library.

Internal resources: Strohl1891.DieWappenDerBuchgewerbe.pdf in PDF format.

F. S. Stych, University of Sheffield, «The Flow Chart Method and Heraldic Enquiries» RQ, volume 6, number 4, pages 169-174, published by American Library Association, Chicago, summer of 1967.

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This article describes, using a flowchart, a method to identify the holder of a coat of arms. This method is applicable to the armories of the United Kingdom, as it follows their heraldic norms and most important sources. One of the target readers of the article are librarians who, finding coats of arms in books, plates, ex libris, etc., need to classify them.

The most notable aspect of the article is the 1967 flowchart, which is shown in the image above. This image has been extracted, cleaned, and enhanced from the original diagram contained at the end of the article. Note that some functions appear repeated within the scheme, such as, «Check families listed in Anson, etc. in Burke's General Armory. Arms found?» which, in turn, is represented with a task rectangle, when it really is a rectangle containing a question, a bifurcation, which should be a diamond «Arms found?», that is, it has been represented by a rectangle what should have been represented by a rectangle and a diamond. This same issue occurs in other processes and is probably due to not complicating the flowchart further.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVIII.

Author: Stych, F. S..

Claudio Sánchez Albornoz, «La auténtica batalla de Clavijo», Cuadernos de Historia de España, number 9, Buenos Aires, 1948.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Author: Sánchez Albornoz, C..

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Order of Santiago, emblem

External link:

• Google Books.

Anonymous, «Heraldic manuscript of the English kings and peers», Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, call number Takamiya MS 13, 236 pages, actually 235 due to a pagination error, manuscript on paper in English secretary hand, circa 1620.

Contents

Created circa 1620, this manuscript presents a genealogy of the rulers of England from Brutus and Julius Caesar to James I, including short biographies and more than 600 emblazoned coats of arms in full color. The manuscript spans 236, actually 235 pages, with a pagination error skipping page 182.

Binding

The manuscript is bound in nineteenth-century full polished calf by Clarke & Bedford, with a spine title «Arms of the Nobility of England. MS. 1042-1619». It includes four modern binder's blanks at the front and thirteen at the end.

Provenance

The manuscript originates from England and was part of the Toshiyuki Takamiya collection until 2013. It is classified as a Renaissance manuscript from the 17^th century and is a significant resource for the study of English heraldry, genealogy, and nobility.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVII.

Classification: Armorial roll, Manuscript, English language and In color.

Author: anonymous.

External link:

• Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

Internal resources: Takamiya1620.pdf Yale University Library Digital Collections, PDF format.

Juan Francisco Tejero de Rojas y Sandoval, «Linajes de Aragón, Castilla, León, Galicia, Cataluña, Navarra y Vizcaya», 198 hand-numbered pages, each 2, in Arabic numerals, with numerous blank pages not numbered at the beginning and end, hand index on the back of the last page before the back cover, 22 x 17 centimeters, illustrations in the pages 26-29, in the National Library of Spain, signatures Mss/12617, it is estimated from the XVII century.

Unfinished

Although the last page 198 is signed on the back, the book seems unfinished because at the end of the last page there is a last line with a few loose words «Duke of...» which are a sign that it continues on the next page, but the next page is blank.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVII.

Classification: Manuscript, In black and white and Castilian language.

The author is Tejero de Rojas y Sandoval, Juan Francisco.

External resources:

• Detail of this manuscript in the National Library of Spain.
• Bibliographic record of the National Library of Spain.
• Scanned manuscript in the National Library of Spain.

Internal resources: TejeroRojasSandovalJFXVII.Pagina.11.Linajes.pdf.

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Credits: This book belongs to the Biblioteca Nacional de España. License Creative Commons CC-BY. You may share, transform and create from images in the public domain that are accessible in the Hispanic Digital Library.

Anonymous, «Founder's and benefactors' book of Tewkesbury abbey», Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford, call number MS. Top. Glouc. d. 2, recorded in the Catalogue of Western Medieval Manuscripts in Oxford Libraries, manuscript, illustrated, 46 leaves, 245 x 175 millimeters, except fols. 12, 16, and 38, which are smaller, Tewkesbury, beginning of the 16^th century.

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Origin, historical context, and contents

It is is a medieval manuscript originating from Tewkesbury Abbey at the beginning of the 16^th century. This Latin manuscript provides records and depictions of the abbey's founders and benefactors, such as: William Fitzcount, 2^nd Earl of Gloucester, died 1183; Oddo and Doddo, Dukes of Mercia; Hugh, great Duke of Mercia, lord of the manor of Tewkesbury, buried at Tewkesbury in 812; Robert Fitzhamon, lord of Creully, Calvados in Normandy, died 1107, and his wife, Sybil, patrons of Tewkesbury Abbey’s reconstruction; Edward Despenser, died 1375; Thomas Despenser, Earl of Gloucester, died 1400; and Isabel Despenser, 1400-1439.

Illustrations and manuscript details

The manuscript is noted for its illustrations, which are believed to have been created by John of Evesham, a monk at Tewkesbury. The illustrations are thought to be copied from painted statues, approximately 70 cm high, which once decorated the abbey church. The manuscript comprises 46 leaves, with most pages measuring 245 x 175 millimeters, though folios 12, 16, and 38 are smaller in size.

In the image, folio 25v depicts Thomas Despenser, Earl of Gloucester, in armor, wearing a red bonnet with a badge, and a mantle with epaulettes over a heraldic surcoat. He holds a sheathed sword and is surrounded by six coats of arms and the badge of the Garter with the flag of Saint George; and folio 26r features a text page with ten coat of arms.

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Bibliographical reference of century XVII.

Classification: Manuscript, Armorial roll, Latin language and In color.

The author is anonymous.

Here are the articles quoting this reference:

• Castile and Leon
• Thomas Grenville, stone coat of arms

External resource:

• Digital Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford.

Internal resources: 25 images in JPEG format.

The Heraldry Society, «Education Pack, A brief explanation of Heraldry for teachers together with explanatory sheets and templates for students», Baldock, Hertfordshire, 2013.

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This bibliographical reference is illustrated with the quartered coat of arms of The Heraldry Society.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

The author is The Heraldry Society.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

• Drawing the arcs of a pointed coat of arms

External link:

• The Heraldry Society.

Internal resources: TheHeraldrySociety2013.EducationPack.pdf.

The Heraldry Society, «HeraldryForBeginners: Beasts, Banners and Badges», Baldock, Hertfordshire, 2016.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: In color.

Author: The Heraldry Society.

External link:

• The Heraldry Society.

Internal resources: TheHeraldrySociety2016.HeraldryForBeginners.pdf.

The Heraldry Society, «Historic Heraldry Handbook», Baldock, Hertfordshire, 2018.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: In color.

The author is The Heraldry Society.

External link:

• The Heraldry Society.

Internal resources: TheHeraldrySociety2018.HistoricHeraldryHandbook.pdf.

Enrique de Toral y Fernández de Peñaranda, «The Coat of Arms of the City of Úbeda: Notes for a Historical Study», Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, pages 33-38 plus 10 illustrations, total 22 pages, number 66, ISSN 0561-3590, Jaen, 1970.

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Article, Castilian language and In black and white.

Author: Toral y Fernández de Peñaranda, Enrique.

Internal resources: Provincial Council of Jaén https://www.dipujaen.es/boletinieg/pdf.raw?query=id:0000443974&page=38&lang=es&view=bieg and Rioja University https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2070193.pdf.

Avelino V. Torres, KGOR, «Handbook Of The Order Of The Knights Of Rizal», 73 pages, Manila, 2016.

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Degrees of knighthood, ranks, distinctions, and awards in the pages 30-33.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: English language and Black and white and color illustrations.

The author is Torres, Avelino V..

External resource:

• Knights of Rizal, Germany.

Internal resources: TorresAV2016.KnightsOfRizal.Handbook.pdf PDF edition at Rizal.Knights.of.0513.

María Luisa Tosta, «Los Tosta en Venezuela y en el mundo», researchers María Luisa Tosta y Milhone Tosta, 618 pages, includes numerous illustrations, with several on each page, graphic design and layout by María Elena Ayala, printed at Gráficas Lauki, ISBN 978-980-18-2181-6, Legal Deposit MI2021000502, Caracas, 2021.

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Through the first five chapters, the authors explore the etymology of the Tosta surname, its historical presence in different parts of the world, and its establishment in Venezuela in the 18^th century.

In the intermediate chapters, the book delves into the various branches of the Tosta family, tracing their connections and the genealogical links that span multiple generations.

The final chapters focus on the individual stories of the most prominent members of the Venezuelan branch of the family, revealing intriguing aspects such as their significant contributions to the country's history and other unique characteristics.

With an approach that goes beyond genealogy, the author and the researchers contextualize the lives of the Tosta family within the social, political, and economic frameworks of their times, offering a complete and enriching portrait of this fascinating family.

I am honored to be mentioned in the acknowledgments. It is a privilege to have made my small contribution to this a meaningful work.

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Bibliographical reference of century XXI.

Classification: Castilian language and In color.

Author: Tosta, María Luisa.

Internal resources: Galley proofs, private copy, sent by one of the researchers.

Francisco Rafael Uhagón y Guardamino, I Marqués de Laurencín, Director de la Real Academia de la Historia, Caballero de la Orden de Calatrava, «Libro de la Cofradía de Caballeros de Santiago de la Fuente, Fundada por los Burgaleses en Tiempo de Don Alfonso XI» noticia bibliográfica, publicada en la Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos, impresa por la Tipográfica de la Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos, calle de Olid 8, Madrid, 1904.

This article provides a bibliographical account of the illuminated manuscript [Cofradía de Santiago; Century XIV].

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Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Article, Castilian language and In black and white.

The author is Uhagón y Guardamino, Francisco Rafael.

External resource:

• Digital Library of Castile and Leon.

Urfé, unknown authors, «Urfe's Armorial», is currently in National Library of France (BnF, Bibliothèque nationale de France), in Paris, «Cabinet des titres» 927 as indicated on page I, cataloged with the code ms. fr. 32753, it is estimated from the XV century.

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This armorial is written in French, on parchment measuring 19.5 x 14 centimeters, its compilation is believed to have been done in the 15^th century, it presents 2,855 blazons in written form, but without illustrations, its blazons are organized into 54 sections, with an average of 17 blazons per page, the densest pages with about 20 blazons of 1, 2, or 3 lines per blazon, although some are longer. This Urfé armorial has served as a source for later armorials.

This manuscript contains a preliminary index, written later, of 61 pages, foliated the odd pages in consecutive Roman numerals from folio I to folio XXX. That is, 30 folios of 2 pages plus a final page, totaling 30 x 2 + 1 = 61 pages. This preliminary index consists of a name and a page number where the «theoretically», as will be explained below, corresponding blazon appears.

Next comes the true body of the Urfé armorial, of 162 pages, foliated only the odd pages, dated later than the compilation of the manuscript, in Arabic numerals, 2 by 2, from folio 1 to 161. That is, 1, 3, 5, 7, ..., 159, 161, and the last existing unnumbered page, as it is the 162^nd which is even. I say that the 162^nd is the last existing page because the National Library of France classifies it as an incomplete manuscript at the end.

It is a bit difficult to understand the relationship between the numbers that appear in the preliminary index, accompanying the names, and the numbering of the pages of the Urfé armorial. For example:

• Bouneville, which in the index appears with the number 16, is blazoned on page 7 (16 - 9 = 7).
• Navarre, for Navarra, in the index appears with the number 151, while the blazon of "Le Roy de Navarre" appears on page 142 (151 - 9 = 142).

This rule of subtracting 9, which has worked for me, but may not be of general use as, for example, Castille~Castile, on page VIII of the index, refers to page 140 of the content and it is there where it is actually found.

The Urfé armorial is in the public domain and the National Library of France, since February 23, 2012, has it published online with identification key ark:/12148/btv1b9063217v.

In this online version, as of today and until corrected, I believe that after page XIX, XVIII and XIX are repeated, just as folio 5 is repeated twice.

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Bibliographical reference of century XV.

Classification: Armorial roll, Manuscript, In black and white and French language.

Author: unknown.

External resources:

• Urfe in Gallica BnF.
• Bouneville indexed in the page 16.
• although it is really on the page 7 (16-9=7).
• Navarra indexed in the page 151.
• although it is really on the page 142 (151-9=142).
• Castilla indexed in the page 140.
• is effectively, in this case, on the same page 140.